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QUESTIONS II GEOGRAPHY, 



ADAPTED FOR THE USE OK 



MORSE'S, 



WOODBRIDGE'S, WORCESTER'S, MITCHELL'S, FIELD'S, 
MALTE BRITN'S, SMITH'S, OLNEY'S, GOODRICH'S, 

OR 

ANY OTHER RESPECTABLE COLLECTION OF MAPS. 

EMBRACING, 

BY WAY OF QUESTION AND ANSWER, SUCH PORTIONS OF THE ELEMENTS 
OF GEOGRAPHY AS ARE NECESSARY FOR COMMON SCHOOLS. 

TO WHICH IS ADDED, A CONCISE 

DESCRIPTION OF THE TERRESTRIAL GLOBE. 



BY RICHARD GREEN PARKER, A.M., 

AUTHOR OF "AIDS TO ENGLISH COMPOSITION," "OUTLINES OF HISTORY, 
"THE WORD BUILDER," ETC., ETC. 

ij.l 

a new edition, revised, and conformed to the census 
of 1850-1854. 



h fy>. 



NEW YORK: 

HARPER -t BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS, 

FRANKLIN SQUARE. 

18 55. 



Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year one thousand 
eight hundred and fifty-five, by 

Harper & Brothers, 

in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Southern District 
of New York. 






PREFACE. 



The study of G-eography is indispensable in a com- 
mon school education, but it should not be allowed an 
undue preponderance. Many excellent treatises on 
the subject have been published, to which it may be 
objected that they go into details so minute, that the 
overburdened memory is unable to recall, in time of 
need, that which ought to be familiar as household 
words. The author of these Questions, who for twen- 
ty-seven years has been at the head of one of the larg- 
est public schools of the city of Boston, prepared them 
with special reference to what he deems the ivants of 
common schools, and for nearly ten years has used no 
other manual, as a text-book in G-eography, in the 
school under his charge. Experience has convinced 
him that, with the aid of judicious oral instruction, 
nothing more is requisite to enable the pupil himself 
to acquire all that is necessary to be learned in this 
department of a common school education. In these 
Questions, by means of the useful and important pro- 
cess of classification, much geographical information 
is condensed within a small space, and by frequent re- 
views may be permanently fixed in the memory of the 
learner. 

Another advantage presented in this little volume is, 
that it may be used in connection with any respecta- 



IV PREFACE. 

ble Atlas, thereby obviating the necessity of subjecting 
a class of pupils to the -expense frequently attendant on 
a required uniformity of maps. The answers of such 
questions as can not readily be solved will be found in 
connection with the questions themselves, and some 
few questions are repeated in different places in order 
that they may thus become perfectly familiar. A con- 
cise description of the Terrestrial Grlobe, with a few 
problems for its use, will be found at the close of the 
volume. 

This new edition (1855) has been made to conform 
to the census of 1850, published, with emendations, in 
1854. It embraces, also, some account of the produc- 
tions, the government, and religion of the principal 
countries in the world ; and the author now trusts, that, 
small as this volume may appear, it may be used ei- 
ther as an Introduction to the study of Geography, as 
a Iteview, or as a substitute for any other manual. 
The difference in the size of the type throughout the 
volume indicates the portions respectively which may 
be learned by beginners, and by those who have made 
greater progress. It will be noticed that although the 
questions in this edition are more numerous than in 
previous editions, fewer of them have numbers at- 
tached. 

Kneeland Place, Boston, July, 1855. 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 



1. "What is Geography ? 

Answer. Geography is a description of the earth on 
which we live. 

2. "What is the earth ? 

Answer. The earth on which we live is a large globe 
or round ball, but, on account of its immense size, its 
roundness is not perceptible to the eye. 

3. How many miles long must a line be, to extend 
around the earth? 

Answer. A line to extend around the earth must be 
twenty-five thousand miles long. This is called its cir- 
cumference. 

4. How many miles long must a line be to extend from 
one side of the earth, through the centre, to the op- 
posite side? 

Answer. A line to extend through the earth must be 
nearly eight thousand miles long. This is called its 
diameter. 

5. Of what does the surface of the earth consist ? 

Answer. The surface of the earth consists of land and 
water, nearly one third being land, and two thirds wa- 
ter. 

6. How is the land divided, and of what does it con- 
sist? 

Answer. The land is divided by water into Conti- 
nents, Islands, Peninsulas, Isthmuses, and Capes. It 
consists of Mountains, Valleys, and Plains. 

7. What is a continent ? 

Answer. A continent is a large extent of land, com- 
prising many countries not separated by water. 



O GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 

8. How many continents are there ? 

Answer. There are three continents, namely, the East- 
ern, containing Europe, Asia, and Africa; the West- 
ern, containing North and South America ; and the 
Continent of New Holland. 
Some geographers call each of these divisions a continent, and thus 

make six continents, namely, Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, 

South America, and New Holland. 

9. What are the seven grand divisions of the world ? 

Answer. The seven grand divisions of the world are 
Europe, 1 

Asia, > on the Eastern Continent ; 
Africa, } 

c, •, .■ A . ' > on the Western Continent ; 
boutn America, ) 

Australia, or Australasia, Southeast of Asia ; 

Polynesia, or Oceanica, in the Pacific Ocean. 

10. What countries are contained in North America ? 
Answer. North America contains the following coun- 
tries : — 

British America, Russian Possessions, and Greenland, in 

the North ; 
The United States, in the middle ; 
Mexico and Central America, in the South. 

11. WTiat does South America contain ? 

Answer. South America contains the following coun- 
tries : — 

New Granada, Venezuela, Equador or Ecuador,* Guia- 
na, in the North ; 

Brazil, in the East ; 

Paraguay, Uraguay, and the Argentine Republic,! in the 
Southeast ; 

Patagonia, in the South; 

Chili, Bolivia, and Peru, in the West. 

12. WThat countries does Europe contain? 

Answer. Europe contains the following countries:— 

* These three countries were formerly united, and formed one country, 
called Colombia. ♦ 

t This country is also called the United States of the Republic of La 
Plata. 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 



Lapland, 
Norway, 
Sweden, 
Russia, " 



Great Britain,* 
France, 
in the North ; Holland, 
Belgium, 



Portugal, 

Spain, 

Italy, 

Turkey, 

Greece, 



> in the South 



in the mid- 
dle. 



in the South and South- 
east. 



Denmark, 

Germany, 

Poland, 

Prussia, 

Austria, 

Hungary, 

Switzerland, 

13. What countries does Asia contain ? 

Answer. Asia contains the following countries :- 
Siberia (belonging to Russia), in the North ; 
Tartary and Thibet, in the middle ; 
Turkey, 
Arabia, 
Persia, 
Beloochistan, 
Afghanistan, 
Hind o stan, 

Chin India, or Farther India, 
China, 
Corea, 
Japan, 

14. What are the divisions of Africa ? 

Answer. Africa contains the Barbary States and the 
French colony of Algeria, in the North ; 

Western Africa, Southern 
in the North- Africa, Southeastern Af- 
east; rica, Central Africa, and 

J ' the African Islands. 

15. What parts of the world are called Australia, or 
Australasia ? 

Answer. The word Australia, or Australasia, means 
Southeastern Asia, and comprehends New Holland and 
several other large islands, which lie Southeast of Asia. 

* Great Britain is an island containing England, Scotland, and Wales ; 
bat the name of Great Britain is applied to that great empire which in- 
cludes England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. 



Egypt, 
Nubia, 



J 



8 GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 

16. "What does the word Polynesia mean ? 

Answer. The word Polynesia means many islands; 
and this division of the earth contains all those clusters 
of islands in the Pacific Ocean which lie East of Asia, 
and West of North and South America. They are 
sometimes called Oceanica. 

17. "What names are applied to the water on the sur- 
face of the earth ? 

Answer. The names of the different portions of water 
on the surface of the earth are Oceans, Seas, Lakes 7 
Gulfs, Bays, Straits, Sounds, Channels, Rivers, Friths, 
and Estuaries. 

18. "What is an ocean % 

Answer. An ocean is an immensely large extent of 
water nowhere entirely separated by land. 

1 9. How many oceans are there ? 

Answer. There are five oceans : the Pacific, the At- 
lantic, the Indian, the Northern, or Arctic, and the 
Southern, or Antarctic Oceans. 

20. What is a sea ? 

Answer. A sea is a portion of an ocean almost sur- 
rounded by land. 

[Note. A sea is sometimes called an ocean, and an ocean is some- 
times called a sea. Thus the North Sea is sometimes called the German 
Ocean, and the Pacific Ocean is sometimes called the Pacific Sea.] 

21. "What is a bay or gulf? 

Answer. A bay is a part of the sea extending up into 
the land. Large bays are often called gulfs. 

22. "What is a strait? 

Answer. A strait is a narrow passage of water join- 
ing two seas, or one part of a sea with another. A 
channel is a similar passage of water, wider than a 
strait. 

23. What is a sound? 

Answer. A sound is a portion of the water, not so 
large nor so deep as a sea. 

24. What is a lake? 

Answer. A lake is a large collection of water sur- 
rounded by land, 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 9 

25. "What is a river, and what is meant by the basin 
of a river ? 

Answer. A river is a large stream of water that flows 
into an ocean, sea, lake, or another river. The level 
country, through which a river flows, is called the basin 
of the river. 

26. What is a frith or estuary ? 

Answer. A frith or estuary is the wide part of a river 
near the sea, which is affected by the tides. 

27. What is an island ? 

Answer. An island is a tract of land entirely sur- 
rounded by water. A portion of fertile land in a des- 
ert is called an oasis. 

28. What is a peninsula ? 

Answer. A peninsula is a portion of land almost sur- 
rounded by water. 

29. What is an isthmus ? 

Answer. An isthmus is a neck of land which joins a 
peninsula to the main land, or two parts of a continent 
together. 

30. What is a cape ? 

Answer. A cape is a point of land projecting into the 
sea. If the land is high and mountainous, it is called 
a promontory. 

31. What is the difference between a continent and 
an ocean ? 

Answer. A continent is the largest undivided portion 
of land ; — an ocean is the largest undivided portion of 
water. 

32. What is the difference between a gulf or bay and 
a cape ? 

Answer. A cape is land that projects into the sea ; — 
a gulf or bay is water that extends into the land. 

33. What is the difference between an island and a 
lake? 

Answer. An island is land wholly surrounded by wa- 
ter; — a lake is wate v surrounded by land. 
A 2 



10 • 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 



34. "What is the difference between a peninsula and a 
sea? 

Answer. A peninsula is land almost surrounded by 
water ; — a sea is water almost surrounded by land. 

35. What is the difference between an isthmus and a 
strait? 

Answer. An isthmus is a narrow portion of land con- 
necting two other portions of land ; — a strait is a nar- 
row passage of water connecting two other portions of 
water. 

In which of the seven divisions of the earth is each of the 
following countries, namely : 

[For the answers to these questions, see answers to questions 10, 11 , 
12, 13, and 14.] 



The United States ] 
Great Britain ] 
Spain ] 
Siberia] 
Persia ] 
Egypt] 
France ] 
i 



36. 
37. 
38. 
39. 
40. 
41. 
42. 

43. Mexico 

44. Belgium] 

45. Arabia] 

46. Central America ] 

47. The Argentine Re 
public ] 

48. Hindostan] 

49. Hungary] 

50. New Holland] 

51. Greenland] 

52. Brazil] 

53. Switzerland] 

54. Guiana] 



55. 
56. 
57. 
58. 
59, 



Abyssinia ] 
Chili] 
Holland] 
Bolivia] 
Corea ] 

60. Peru] 

61. Austria] 

62. Norway] 

63. Sweden] 

64. Italy] 

65. Lapland] 

66. China] 

67. Japan] 

68. Portugal] 

69. Prussia] 

70. New Granada] 

71. Beloochistan ] 

72. Afghanistan 1 

73. Ecuador] 

74. Tartary] 



75. 
76. 
77. 
78. 
79. 
80. 
81. 
82. 
83. 
84. 
85. 
86. 
87. 
88. 
89. 
90. 
91. 
92. 
93. 



Thibet] 
Patagonia ] 
Russia] 
Denmark ] 
Germany ] 
Poland] 
Farther India ] 
Turkey ] 
Nubia] 

Barbary States? 
Venezuela ] 
Japan ] 
Paraguay ] 
Guinea ] 
New York] 
Massachusetts ] 
Virginia ] 
California ] 
Cape Horn and the 
Cape of Good Hope 1 



MAPS. 

94. "What is a map, and what parts of it represent the 
North, South, East, and West ? and the Northeast, 
Southeast, the Northwest and the Southwest ? 

Answer. A map is a representation of the earth, or a 
part of it, upon a plain or a level surface. 

The top of a map represents the North, the bottom 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 11 

represents the Soutn, the right hand the East, the left 
hand the West. 

The right hand upper corner represents the North- 
east, and the right hand lower corner the Southeast ; 
the left hand upper corner represents the Northwest, 
and the left hand lower corner the Southwest. The 
direction of one place or part of a map from another is 
to be given according as it approaches the top and bot- 
tom or the corners of the map. 

[N.B. — On the map of the world, the different parts mentioned in 
the last two questions are represented in a different manner, on ac- 
count of its circular form. The map of the world is divided into two 
parts, called hemispheres or half globes ; the one on the right hand is 
called the Eastern hemisphere ; the one on the left hand is called the 
Western hemisphere. In the centre of each of these hemispheres 
there is one straight line from the top to the bottom of the map, and 
one straight line from the left to the right. The ends of these lines 
represent the top, bottom, and sides of the map. All the other lines 
are curved lines, and their ends represent, also, parts of the top, bot- 
tom, and sides of the map. The direction of one place from another 
is found by following these lines. These lines are explained under 
the head of Latitude and Longitude.]* 

MAP OF THE WORLD. 

Note to the pupil. — If you can not find the answer to a question on 
the map of the world, look for it on some other map. Thus, if you 
are required to find what cape forms the northern extremity of Europe, 
and you can find no such cape on the map of the world, look for the 
answer on the map of Europe, and there you will find that North Cape 
will be the answer to the question. 

95. How does the map of the world represent the 
whole surface of the earth ? 

Answer. The map of the world represents the earth 
as if it were cut in halves from North to South, and 

* As a visible illustration will often convey a clearer idea than a long 
explanation, it is recommended to every teacher who wishes to convey a 
distinct notion of the manner in which the map of the w-orld, with its two 
circles representing the hemispheres, presents a view of the whole world, 
to procure a wooden ball, of any size (the larger the better), and have it 
sawed in halves, and to connect the two halves with a hinge. He can 
then spread it open before his pupils to show how the map of the world 
presents a picture of both sides of the world at one view, and by shutting 
the two halves together he can easily explain how the Northwestern part 
of America and the Northeastern part of" Asia are respectively situated, 
and how it is that places which on the map of the world appear to be the 
farthest apart, are in reality the nearest together. This simple expedient 
will be found a more useful aid than a costly globe. 



12 GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS, 

each circle represents one half of the earth's surface, 
These halves are called the Eastern and the Western 
hemispheres. A hemisphere is half a sphere. A sphere 
and a globe mean the same thing. 

96. In which hemisphere are Europe, Asia, Africa, 
North and South America, and New Holland ? 

[N.B. — It may not, perhaps, be amiss to suggest to teachers, who have 
had but little experience, that such questions as this, requiring a number of 
answers, may conveniently, to beginners, be divided, and one thing only 
required at a time. At the commencement of the study, also, very young 
pupils should be permitted to recite with the map before them, until' they 
can go on understandingly.] 

97. The straight line running from the left hand to 
the right hand side of the map is called the Equa- 
tor, and it divides the world into two hemispheres, 
called the Northern and the' Southern. Are Europe 
and Asia in the Northern or the Southern hemi- 
sphere ? 

98. In which is North America? 99. South America? 
100. Africa? 101. Australia? 102. Polynesia? 

103. "Which way from North and South America is 
the Atlantic Ocean ? 

104. "Which way from Europe and Africa is the At- 
lantic ? 

105. Which way from Asia and America is the Pacific 
Ocean ? 

106. In what direction is the Indian Ocean from Asia 
and Africa ? 

107. "Which way from America, Europe, and Asia is 
the Arctic Ocean? 

108. "Which way is the Antarctic Ocean from South 
America, Africa, and New Holland ? 

CAPES. 

109. "What cape forms the southern extremity of South 
America ? 

Answer. Cape Horn. 

110. "What cape forms the southern extremity of Africa? 
Answer. Cape of Good Hope. 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 13 

111. "What cape in the eastern part of South America? 
Answer. Cape St. Roque. 

112. "What cape in the northern extremity of Europe ? 
Answer. Cape North. 

113. "What cape in the eastern extremity of Africa ? 
Answer. Cape Guardafui. 

114. "What cape forms the western extremity of Africa ? 
Answer. Cape Verd. 

115. What cape forms the western extremity of South 
America ? 

Answer. Cape Blanco, in Peru. 

116. What cape forms the northern extremity of South 
America ? 

Answer. Cape La Vela. 

117. What is the northern cape of Africa ? 

Answer. Cape Serrat. 

118. What cape is the southern extremity of Eu- 
rope? 

Answer. Cape Matapan. 

119. What cape is the northern extremity of Asia ? 
Answer. Cape Taymour. 

SEAS. 

120. What sea lies "between Europe and Africa ? 

121. What sea between Asia and Africa ? 

122. What sea northeast of the Mediterranean Sea ? 

123. What sea southeast of Asia ? 

124. What two seas north of the Indian Ocean ? 

[Note. The Bay of Bengal is sometimes called a sea.] 

125. What three seas south and southeast of Asia ? 

126. What sea between North and South America ? 
Answer. The Caribbean Sea. 

127. What sea east of the Black Sea? 

128. What is the only sea in the western hemisphere ? 
(See Question 126.) 



14 GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 



ISLANDS. 

129. What islands lie between North and South Amer- 
ica ? 

130. "What island east of the south part of Africa ? 

131. What islands east of Asia? 

132. What large island north of New Holland? 

133. What island southeast of Greenland ? 

134. What islands west of Africa ? 

135. What islands north of Cape Yerd islands ? 

136. What island west of the south part of Africa ? 

137. What cluster of islands west of North America ? 

138. Through what three large islands south of Asia 
does the equator pass ? 

139. What two large and important islands west of 
Europe ? 

140. What island south of the southern extremity of 
South America ? 

141. What is the largest island on your map of the 
world ? 

Answer. Borneo, as New Holland, which is larger, is 
considered a continent. 

GULFS, BAYS, STRAITS, ETC. 

142. What gulf is south of North America ? 

143. What two bays in the northern part of North 
America ? 

144. What straits connect Baffin's and Hudson's Bays 
with the Atlantic Ocean ? 

145. What channel between Madagascar and Africa ? 

146. What strait connects the Mediterranean Sea with 
the Atlantic Ocean ? 

147. What strait separates the northwestern part of 
America from Asia ? 

148. What strait separates the island of Terra del 
Fuego from South America ? 

Answer. The Strait of Magellan. 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS* 15 

149. What strait separates the two islands Sumatra 
and Java ? 

150. What strait connects the Red Sea with the In- 
dian Ocean? 

151. What peninsula forms the southern extremity of 
Asia ? 

152. What two peninsulas on the western and north- 
western side of North America ? 

Answer. The peninsula of California on the west, and 
Alaska on the northwest. 

[N.B. — Recollect, if you can not find the answer on the map of the world, 
to look on the maps of Europe, North America, Asia, Africa, &c] 

BOUNDARIES. 

[Note. — To bound a place is to mention what is on the north, east, south, 
and west of the place.] 

153. How is America hounded on the east and west ? 

154. How is Africa bounded on the north and west ? 

155. By what sea and ocean is Africa hounded on the 
east? 

156. What cape terminates Africa on the south ? 

157. What cape terminates South America on the 
south? 

158. How is Asia hounded on the east? 

159. What sea partly separates Asia from Europe ? 

160. How is Europe hounded on the west ? 

161. What hounds Asia on the east, and America on 
the west ? 

162. What is the name of that large body of water on 
the east of Asia and New Holland, and west of North 
and South America ? 

163. How is the island of Madagascar bounded ? 

164. By what ocean is America bounded on the 
north? 

165. By what ocean are Europe and Asia bounded on 
the north ? 

166. What oceans bound New Holland on the east, 
south, and west ? 



16 GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 

167. "What ocean and seas bound Asia on the south ? 

168. How is Europe bounded ? 169. How is Asia 
bounded ? 170. How is Africa bounded ? 171. How 
is America bounded? 172. How is New Holland 
bounded ? 

173. "Which is the largest and which is the smallest 
of the grand divisions, Europe, Asia, Africa, Amer- 
ica, and New Holland ? 

174. "Which is the largest of the five oceans ? 

175. "Which is the largest of the seas ? 

176. In what part of Europe are the following coun- 
tries : 

(See Question 12.) 

1. England 1 8. Belgium? 15. Sweden? 

2. France? 9. Spain? 16. Switzerland? 

3. Russia? 10. Portugal? 17. Denmark? 

4. Holland? 11. Germany? 18. Lapland? 

5. Austria? 12. Hungary? 19. Poland? 

6. Prussia? 13. Turkey? 20. Norway? 

7. Italy? 14. Norway? 

177. In what part of North America are the following 
countries : 

(See Question 10.) 

British America? Guatemala, or Central Russian America? 

United States ? America ? Mexico ? Greenland ? 

178. In what part of Asia are the following countries : 
(See Question 13.) 

China? Arabia? Thibet? 

Japan ? Afghanistan ? Tartary ? 

Beeloochistan ? Persia ? Farther India 1 

Turkey? Hindostan? Corea? 

179. In what part of South America are the following 
countries : 

(See Question 11.) 

Brazil 1 Patagonia? Bolivia? 

Chili? New Granada? Paraguay? 

Peru ? Ecuador ? Guiana ? 

180. In what part of Africa is Egypt? Guinea? Nu- 
bia ? the Barbary States ? Abyssinia ? 

(See Question 14.) 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 17 

181. What two capes at the southern extremity of 
South America and of Africa ? 
(See Questions 109 and 110.) 

MAP OF NORTH AMERICA. 

[The dotted lines on maps are used to separate different countries. 
"Where there is a natural boundary — that is, a river, lake, sea, or 
mountain between different countries, the dotted line is omitted.] 

"182. What countries does North America contain ? 
(See Question 10.) 

183. What country in the northwestern part of Amer- 
ica ? 

184. What country in the southwest part of South 
America ? 

185. What sea east of the south part of North Amer- 
ica? 

186. What strait connects Hudson's Bay with the At- 
lantic Ocean? 

187. What hay south of Hudson's Bay ? 

188. What mountains run through the western part 
of the United States ? 

Answer. The Rocky Mountains. 

[N.B. — A mountain is a very large hill. Mountains sometimes oc- 
our single, but they are generally found in chains or ranges. The 
flat or level country on the top of a mountain is called table land.] 

189. What are these mountains called in Mexico ? 
Answer. The Cordilleras. 

The Rocky Mountains and the Cordilleras are a continuation of a long- 
chain of mountains which run through the whole extent of North and 
South America, near the coast of the Pacific Ocean. In South America 
they rise to the height of twelve to fifteen thousand feet, and in North 
America much higher. In South America they are only about 100 miles 
from the coast. These mountains abound in gold, silver, copper, and other 
valuable minerals. 

190. What gulf east of the peninsula of California ? 

191. What gulf south of the United States ? 

192. What five lakes between the United States and 
Upper Canada? 

193. What river carries the waters of these lakes into 
the Atlantic Ocean ? 



18 GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 

194. "What gulf must the St. Lawrence pass through 
before it can reach the Atlantic Ocean ? 

195. What peninsula south of the Gulf of St. Law- 
rence ? 

196. "What island east of the Grulf of St. Law- 
rence ? 

197. What two islands north and northeast of Nova 
Scotia ? » 

198. What islands in the Atlantic east of the United 
States ? 

Answer. The Bermudas, or Somers Islands. 

199. What cape is the southern extremity of Green- 
land? 

200. What cape forms the southern extremity of the 
United States? 

Answer. Cape Sable, in Florida. 

201. What cape forms the southern extremity of Cal- 
ifornia ? 

202. What bay north of Central America ? 

203. What sea southeast of the Gulf of Mexico ? 

204. What river runs from Slave Lake into the Arctic 
Ocean ? 

205. What lake southwest of Hudson's Bay ? 

206. What river runs into the northern part of the 
Gulf of California? 

207. There is another river of the same name ; into 
what does it flow ? 

Answer. The Colorado, which flows into the Gulf of 
Mexico. 

208. What country east of Baffin's Bay ? 

209. What peninsula forms the southern extremity of 
the Russian Possessions ? 

210. What state and territories of the United States 
are west of the Rocky Mountains ? 

Answer. The State of California, and the Territories of 
Washington, Oregon, and Utah ; and the Rocky Mount- 
ains run through the Territory of New Mexico. 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 19 

211. "What peninsula forms the southeastern extremi- 
ty of Mexico ? 

Answer. The peninsula of Yucatan. 

212. What four large islands east of Yucatan ? 

• Answer. The four great West India Islands, Cuba, 
Hayti, Jamaica, and Porto Rico. These are called The 
Great Antilles. * 

213. What isthmus connects North and South Amer- 
ica? 

214. What cluster of islands northeast of Cuba ? 
Answer. The Bahama Islands. 

215. On what island are Cape Haytien, Port au Prince 
(or Puerto Principe), Jacmel, and the city of St. 
Domingo ? 

Answer. On the island of Hayti, which is sometimes 
called the island of St. Domingo, and sometimes Hispa- 
niola, or Little Spain. 

216. On what island are Havana, Matanzas, Cienfue- 
gos, and Santiago ? 

Answer. Cuba. 

217. What large river runs through the United States 
into the Gulf of Mexico ? 

218. What lake is there in Guatemala? 

Answer. Nicaragua. 

219. Are Montreal and Quebec in Canada East or 
Canada West? 

220. Which lies the farther down the River St. Law- 
rence, Montreal or Quebec ? 

Answer. All rivers run down toward the sea or ocean. 
On its way toward the ocean, the River St. Lawrence 
passes first by Montreal, and then by Quebec, and there- 
fore Quebec lies the nearer to the ocean, and conse- 
quently farther down the river. 

221. What bay on the east and what on the west of 
the peninsula of Yucatan ? 

222. What river forms the boundary line between East 
and West Canada ? 



20 GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 

223. Does Yucatan belong to Mexico or Guatemala ? 

224. What large river of the United States runs into 
the Pacific Ocean? 

Answer. Columbia River, sometimes called the Ore- 
gon. 

225. Into what river do the Yellow Stone, Platte, and 
Kansas empty? 

Answer. The Missouri. 

226. In which division of North America are Mount 
St. Elias and Fair weather Mountain? 

Answer. British America. 

227. Into what do the Missouri, Arkansas, and Red 
Rivers flow ? 

Answer. The Mississippi. 

228. Is Nova Scotia an island or a peninsula ? 

229. What river west of the Rocky Mountains flows 
into the Gulf of Mexico ? 

230. What are the two large bays and the three large 
gulfs of North America ? 

231. What river runs from the north end of Lake 
Winnipeg into Hudson's Bay ? 

232. What large island east of the Gulf of St. Law- 
rence ? 

233. Do the large lakes Superior, Huron, Erie, and 
Ontario border on East or West Canada ? 

234. What country of New Britain, or British Ameri- 
ca, is east of Hudson's Bay ? 

Answer. Labrador. 

235. In what part of North America is British Ameri- 
ca ; and what does it contain ? 

Answer. British America is in the northern part of 
North America, and it comprehends all the north part 
excepting Greenland and the Russian Possessions. It 
comprises the four provinces of West Canada, East Can- 
ada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, with the adjacent 
islands, Newfoundland, Cape Breton, and Prince Edward 
Island, and the extensive region of New Britain, or Hud- 
son's Bay Territory. 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 21 

236. Does East Canada lie on one or on both, sides of 
the River St. Lawrence ? 

237. What hay lies between Nova Scotia and New 
Brunswick ? 

Answer. Bay of Fundy, remarkable for the tides, 
which rise from thirty to sixty feet. 

238. In what direction from Newfoundland is the 
Grreat or Grand Bank, remarkable for the cod fish- 
ery? 

239. In what direction from the United States are the 
Bermuda Islands ? 

240. What islands southwest of the Bermuda Islands ? 
Answer. The Bahama Islands. 

241. What is the current of water called which, run- 
ning in a northeastern direction between Florida 
and the Bahama Islands, extends all along the At- 
lantic coast of the United States ? 

Answer. The Gulf Stream. The water of this stream 
is considerably warmer than that of the Ocean. 

242. What lies north, south, east, and west of the 
United States ? 

243. On what waters is the coast of Mexico? 
Answer. The eastern coast is on the Gulf of Mexico ; 

the south and west coasts are on the Pacific Ocean. 

244. What is the difference between the capital and 
the capitol of a country ? 

Answer. The capital is the chief town or city, where 
the Legislature meet to make the laws, and it is called 
the seat of government. The capital is the building in 
which the Legislature assembles. 

245. Tell the capitals of each of the following coun- 
tries : 

The United States. 246. Mexico. 247. Guatema- 
la. 248. British America. 

Answer. Of the United States, Washington ; of Mex- 
ico, Mexico ; of Guatemala, Guatemala ; and of British 
America, Quebec. 



22 GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 

249. What are the principal rivers of British America, 
and into what do they flow ? 

Answer. Mackenzie 's River, which flows into the Arc- 
tic Ocean. 
Nelson, } 

Severn, > which flow into Hudson's Bay. 
Albany, ) 

Saskatchewan, flowing into Lake Winnipeg. 
St. Lawrence, flowing into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. 
Ottawa, flowing into the St. Lawrence. 

250. What are the largest lakes in British America ? 
Answer. The largest lakes in British America are 

Winnipeg, Slave, Athabasca or Athapescow, Great Bear, 
and Superior, Huron, Erie, and Ontario. Of the last four, 
one half belongs to British America, and one half to the 
United States. 

251. What Indians inhabit British America ? 
Answer. The Esquimaux and Knistenaux. 

252. What is known of Russian America? 

Answer. Russian America is a cold and dreary coun- 
try, little known, thinly inhabited, and visited principally 
to obtain the fur and skins of wild animals. The best 
fur comes from cold countries. 

253. How are the United States bounded ? 

Answer. The United States are bounded on the north 
by British America ; east, by the Atlantic Ocean ; south, 
by Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico ; and west, by the 
Pacific Ocean. Its capital is Washington. 

254. How is Mexico bounded ? 

Answer. Mexico is bounded on the north by the 
United States ; east, by the United States and the Gulf 
of Mexico ; south and west, by the Pacific Ocean. Its 
capital is Mexico. 

255. How is Central America bounded ? 

Answer. Central America is bounded on the north by 
Mexico, Yucatan, the Bay of Honduras, and the Carib- 
bean Sea ; east, by the Caribbean Sea ; south and west, 
by the Pacific Ocean. 

It is divided into a number of countries, of which Guatemala is the largest 
in population, and Honduras in extent of territory. The names of these 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS, 23 

countries of Central America are Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nica- 
ragua, San Salvador, and Mosquitia. The last is occupied principally by- 
Indians. Part of Honduras, ealled Balize, belongs to England; the rest 
of these countries are independent republics. Under the division of Cen- 
tral America is also sometimes included the Columbian Archipelago, or 
West India Islands. - - 

256. How is British America bounded? 

Answer. British America is bounded on the north by 
the Arctic Ocean, Barrow's Straits, and Baffin's Bay ; 
east, by the Atlantic Ocean and Baffin's Bay ; south, by 
the United States ; and west, by the Pacific Ocean and 
Russian America. Its capital is Q,uebec. 

257. How is Russian America bounded ? 

Answer. Russian America is bounded on the north 
by the Arctic Ocean ; east, by British America ; south, 
by the Pacific Ocean ; and west, by the Pacific and Arc- 
tic Oceans and Behring's Strait, which separates it from 
- Asia. - - - - - 

258. What are the two great canals in Canada West? 
Answer. The two great canals in Canada West are the Welland 

and the Rideau canals. 

The W T elland Canal "extends from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario, thus- 
avoiding the Falls of Niagara. 

The Rideau Canal extends from Kingston, on Lake Ontario, to By- 
town, on Ottawa River, to avoid the rocks and rapids of the St. Law- 
rence River. 

259. What are the Falls of Niagara ? 

Answer. The Falls of Niagara are the sudden fall of 
the Niagara River down a precipice of more than a 
hundred and fifty feet, in its passage from Lake Erie to 
Lake Ontario. It is much visited as one of the most 
sublime and beautiful sights in the world. 

MAP OF THE UNITED STATES. 

260. In what part of North America are the United 
States ; and what is the number of the United States 
and the United States Territories ? 

Answer. The United States occupy the middle part of 
North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean, on 
the east, to the Pacific Ocean, on the west. The num- 
ber of states at the present time (1855) is thirty-one ; of 
the territories, nine, including the District of Columbia* 



24 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 



261. How are the United States and the Territories 
divided ? 

Answer. The United States and the Territories are 
divided into six divisions, namely, the Northeastern and 
the Southeastern, the Northern Interior and the South- 
ern Interior, and the Northwestern and the Southwest- 
ern.* 

[N.B. — Some writers divide the states and territories into two great 
divisions by their climate and productions, namely, the Grain States, 
lying north of 36£ degrees of north latitude, and the Cotton States, lying 
south of that line ; but they class Maryland and Virginia with the Grain 
States, although they properly belong to the southern division. Others 
divide the states into the Northern, the Middle, the Southern, the West- 
ern, and the Pacific States. Others, again, divide them into the Slave- 
holding and the non-Slaveholding States.] 

262. What states are called the New England States, 
or New England ? 

Answer. Six of the states are called the New England 
States, namely, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Mas- 
sachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. 

263. Name the United States and the United States 
Territories. 

Answer. The thirty-one states comprising the United 
States are, 
Maine, 



New Hampshire 

Vermont, 

Massachusetts, 

ILhode Island, 

Connecticut, 

New York, 

New Jersey, 

Pennsylvania, 

*Delaware, 

*Maryland, 

^Virginia, 

*North Carolina, 

*South Carolina, 

^Georgia, 

^Florida, 



called New England, or the North- 
eastern States. 



called also the Middle States. 



or the Southern Atlantic States. 



* This division of the states is adopted in the census of 1850, publish- 
ed in 1854. See page 38 of the Compendium of the United States Census. 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 25 

* Alabama, "\ 

^Mississippi, 1 the Gulf States, because situated on 

^Louisiana, the Gulf of Mexico. 

*Texas, J 

Michigan, > Lake stateg< 

Wisconsin, ) 

Ohio, 

Indiana, 

Illinois, 

*Kentucky, I the River States, situated on the Ohio 

*Tennessee, ' and Mississippi Rivers. 

Iowa, 

*Missouri, 

*Arkansas, 

California, the Pacific State, situated on the Pacific 
Ocean. 

The nine United States Territories are, 
The District of Columbia, and 

The Indian Territory, New Mexico Territory, 

The Kansas " Oregon 

Minnesota " Utah 

Nebraska " Washington " 

264. What is the difference between a state and a terri- 
tory 1 

Answer. A state is independent ; it makes its own laws, has a writ- 
ten Constitution, chooses its own rulers, and is represented both in 
the Senate and the House of Representatives. 

A territory is not independent ; its laws are made by Congress ; 
it has no written Constitution ; its rulers are appointed by the Pres- 
ident of the United States ; it sends no senator to Congress, and it 
is represented only by delegates in the House of Representatives. 

264. What is meant by the capital, or seat of govern- 
ment, of a state or country ? 

(See Question 244.) 

265. What is the seat of government of the United 
States ? 

Answer. "Washington, in the District of Columbia, on 
the Potomac River. Population in 1854, 46,000. 

[N.B. — The District of Columbia was formerly a part of the State of 
Maryland. It occupies only sixty square miles on the east bank of the 

* Those states marked with a star are the states in which slavery is 
allowed. 

B 



26 GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 

Potomac River, and contains only the cities of Washington and George- 
town. It will be recollected, that although Washington is the capital of the 
United States or of the Union, each state also has its own capital, where 
the state government assemble.] 

266. How are the United States bounded, and what is 
its capital ? 

[See Question 253.) 
[Population of the United States in 1854, 26£ millions. *] 

267. How is Maine bounded 1 

Answer. N. by Canada East ; E. by New Brunswick ; 

S. by the Atlantic ; W. by New Hampshire and Can- 

ada West. 
[Population in 1850, 583,000.] 
Its capital is Augusta, on the Kennebec River. Largest city, Port- 
land, on Casco Bay. [Population in 1853, 22,000.] 

268. New Hampshire'? 

N. by Canada East ; E. by Maine and the Atlantic ; 

S. by Massachusetts ; W. by Connecticut River, which 

separates it from Vermont. 
Capital, Concord, on the Merrimac. Manchester,! the most populous 
town. Portsmouth, sea-port. 

269. Vermont? 

N. by Canada East ; E. by Connecticut River, separat- 

S. by Massachusetts ; ing it from New Hampshire ; 

W. by Lake Champlain. 
Capital, Montpelier, on the Winooski, or Onion River. Largest town, 
Burlington, on Lake Champlain. 

[Population of Vermont in 1850, 314,000.] 

270. Massachusetts 1 

N. by Vermont and New E. by the Atlantic; 
Hampshire : W. by New York. 

S. by Rhode Island and Con- 
necticut ; 
Capital, Boston, on Charles River and Boston Bay, a part of Massa- 
chusetts Bay. It is the most populous city of the state. 

[Population of Massachusetts in 1850, 995,000.] 

271. Rhode Island? 

N. by Massachusetts ; E. by Massachusetts and the At- 

S. by the Atlantic ; W. by Connecticut. [Iantic ; 

Capitals, Providence and Newport. Most populous city, Providence. 
Population in 1853, 47,000. 

[Population of Rhode Island in 1850, 148,000.] 

* See Compendium of Census, page 39. 

| In 1854, the population of Manchester, N. H., was 20,000 ; Portsmouth, 
11,000. The population of the whole State of New Hampshire, in 1850» 
was 318,000. 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 27 

272. Connecticut? 

N. by Massachusetts ; E. by Rhode Island ; 

S. by Long Island Sound ; W. by New York. 

272. New York? 

N. by Lake Ontario, St. Law- E. by Lake Champlain, Vermont, 

rence, and Canada East; Massachusetts, and Connecticut; 

S. by New Jersey and Penn- W. by Pennsylvania, Lakes Erie 

sylvania ; and Ontario. 

Capital, Albany, on the Hudson. Largest cities, New York and 

Brooklyn. 

[The population of the State of New York in 1850 was 3,097,000. 
The population of the large cities of the United States will be found in 
the note to Question 374.] 

273. New Jersey? 

N. by New York ; E. by the Atlantic ; 

S. by Delaware Bay ; W. by Delaware and Pennsylvania. 

Capital, Trenton, on Delaware River. Largest town, Newark, on 
the Passaic River. 

[Population of New Jersey in 1850, 490,000.] 

274. Pennsylvania? 

[Population in 1850, 2,311,000.] 
N. by N. York and Lake Erie ; E. by New York ; 
S. by Maryland and Virginia ; W. by Ohio. 
Capital, Harrisburg, on the Susquehanna. Largest city, Philadel- 
phia, on the Schuylkill and Delaware rivers. 
Delaware ? 

N. by Pennsylvania ; E. by Delaware River and Bay and 

S. by Maryland ; the Atlantic ; 

W. by Chesapeake Bay. 
Capital, Dover. Largest town, Wilmington. 
Maryland ? 

N. by Pennsylvania ; S. and W. by Virginia, from which 

E. by Delaware and Chesa- it is separated by the Potomac 
peake Bay ; River. 

Capital, Annapolis. Largest city, Baltimore, on the Patapsco River. 

275. Virginia? 

N. by Maryland and Pennsyl- E. by Maryland, the Potomac Riv- 

vania ; er, and the Atlantic ; 

S. by North Carolna and Ten- W. by Kentucky and Ohio River, 
nessee ; which separates it from Ohio. 

Capital, Richmond, on the James River. It is also the largest city. 
Norfolk is the chief sea-port. 

[Population of Virginia in 1850, 1,421,000. Of Richmond, 28,000; of 
Norfolk in 1853, 15,000.] 

276. North Carolina? 

[Population in 1850> 869,000.] 
N. by Virginia ; E. by the Atlantic ; 

S. by South Carolina and W. by Tennessee. 
Georgia ; 



28 GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 

Capital, Raleigh, on the Neuse. Wilmington, on Cape Fear, the 
largest and most commercial town. [Its population in 1853, 10,000.] 

277. South Carolina'? 

[Population in 1850, 668,000.] 
N. and N.E. by North Caroli- W. and S.W. by Georgia, from 
na ; which it is separated by the Sa- 

S.E. by the Atlantic ; vannah River. 

Capital, Columbia, on the Congaree. Charleston, on Cooper and 
Ashley rivers, is the largest city. [Population in 1850, 42,000.] 

278. Georgia'? 

[Population in 1850, 906,000.] 
N. by North Carolina and Ten- E. by Savannah River separating 
nessee ; ~ it from South Carolina, and by 

S. by Florida ; the Atlantic ; 

W. by Alabama. 
Capital, Milledgeville, on the Oconee River. Savannah, on Savan- 
nah River, the largest city. - [Population in 1853, 20,000.] 

279. Florida'? 

[Population in 1850, 87,000.] 
N. by Georgia and Alabama ; W. by Alabama and the Gulf of 
S. and E. by the Atlantic ; Mexico. 

Capital, Tallahassee. Pensacola the most important town. St. Au- 
gustine, settled in 1564, is the oldest town in the United States. 

280. Alabama'! 

[Population in 1850, 771,000.] 
N. by Tennessee ; S. by Florida and the Gulf of 

E. by Georgia ; Mexico ; 

Capital, Montgomery. Largest city, Mobile, at the mouth of the 
Mobile River. [Population in 1850, 21,000.] 

281. Mississippi 1 ? 

[Population in 1850, 606,000.] 
N. by Tennessee ; E. by Alabama ; 

S. by Louisiana and Gulf of W. by Mississippi River, separat- 
Mexico ; ing it from Louisiana and Ar- 

kansas. 
Capital, Jackson, on the Pearl River. Most important place, Natchez. 

282. Louisiana] 

[Population in 1850, 517,000.] 
N. by Arkansas ; E. by Mississippi ; 

S. by Gulf of Mexico ; W. by Texas. 

Capital, Baton Rouge, on the Missouri. Largest city, New Orleans, 
on the Mississippi. 

283. Texas? 

[Population in 1850, 212,000.] 
N. by Kansas and Indian Ter- S.E. by the Gulf of Mexico ; 

ritories ; S.W. by Rio del Norte, or Rio 

E. by Louisiana and Indian Grande, separating it from Mex- 
Territory ; ico. 

Capital, Austin, on the Colorado. Galveston the largest town. 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 29 

284. Michigan? 

[Population in 1850, 397,000.] 
N. by Lake Superior ; E. by Lake Huron and Canada W. 

S. by Ohio and Indiana ; W. by Lake Michigan and Wiscon- 

sin. 
Capital, Lansing. Largest town, Detroit, on Detroit River. [Pop- 
ulation in 1853, 34,000.] 

285. Wisconsin 1 

[Population in 1850, 305,000.] 
N. by Michigan, Lake Supe- E. by Lake Michigan ; 

rior, and Minnesota ; W. by Iowa and Minnesota, from 

S. by Illinois ; which it is separated by the Mis- 

sissippi River. 
Capital, Madison. Largest town, Milwaukie,* on Lake Michigan. 

286. Ohio'? 

[Population in 1850, 1,980,000.] 
. N. by Michigan and Lake Erie ; E . by Pennsylvania ; 
S. by Ohio River, separating it W. by Indiana, 
from Virginia and Kentucky; 
Capital, Columbus, on the Scioto. Largest city, Cincinnati, on the 
Ohio. 

287. Indiana? 

[Population in 1850, 988,000.] 
N. by Michigan and Lake S. by Ohio River, separating it from 

Michigan ; Kentucky ; 

E. by Ohio ; W. by Illinois. 

Capital, Indianapolis, on the White River. [Madison and Indian- 
apolis both contained, in 1855,' 12,000 inhabitants.] 

288. Illinois 1 

[Population in 1850, 851,000.] 
N. by Wisconsin ; E. by Indiana and Lake Michigan ; 

S. by Ohio River, separating W. by Mississippi River, separat- 
it from Kentucky and Ten- ing it from Iowa and Missouri. 
nessee ; 
Capital, Springfield. Largest city, Chicago, on Lake Michigan. 
[Population in 1853, 60,000. The increase of this city and of Mil- 
waukie has been more rapid than that of any other city in the United 
States.] 

289. Kentucky? 

[Population in 1850, 982,000.] 
N. by Ohio River, separating E. by Virginia ; 

it from Ohio, Indiana, and W. by Ohio and Mississippi Riv- 
Illinois ; ers, separating it from Illinois 

S. by Tennessee ; and Missouri. 

Capital, Frankfort, on the Kentucky River. Louisville (population 
51,000) is the largest city. - . 

* The population of Milwaukie (a town not mentioned in the census of 
1830), in the year 1853, was 25,000. 



30 GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 

290. Tennessee? 

[Population in 1850, 1,002,000.] 
N. by Kentucky and the Ohio E. by North Carolina ; 

River, which separates it W. by Mississippi River, which 
from Illinois ; separates it from Arkansas and 

S. by Georgia, Alabama, and Missouri. 
Mississippi ; 
Capital, Nashville, on the Cumberland River. Population in 1853, 
15,000. 
Memphis, with a population of 12,000, is the next largest town. 

291. Iowa? 

[Population in 1850, 192,000.] 
N. by Minnesota ; S. by Missouri ; 

E. by Mississippi R., which W. by Missouri River, which sep- 
separates it from Wisconsin arates it from Nebraska, and by 
and Illinois ; Minnesota. 

Capital, Iowa City (population 4000), on Iowa River. Burlington, 
population 7000, on the Mississippi, is the largest town. 

292. Missouri? 

[Population in 1850, 682,000.] 
N. by Iowa ; E. by Mississippi R., separating it 

S. by Arkansas ; from Illinois and Kentucky ; 

W. by Kansas and Nebraska. 
Capital, Jefferson City, on the Missouri. St. Louis, on the Missis- 
sippi River, near the confluence with the Missouri, is the largest city. 
Population, 94,000. 

293. Arkansas? 

[Population in 1850, 209,000.] 
N. by Missouri ; E. by Mississippi R., separating it 

S. by Louisiana; from Tennessee and Mississippi; 

W. by Indian Territory. 
Capital, Little Rock, on the Arkansas. Population, 2000. 

294. California? 

N. by Oregon ; E. by Utah and New Mexico ; 

S. by Peninsula of Mexican W. by the Pacific. 
California ; 
Capital, San Jose, near the Bay of California. San Francisco is the 
largest town. [Its population in 1850 was 34,000.] 

[Population of California in 1850, 92,000; and in 1852, 264,000.] 

295. District of Columbia ? 

[Population in 1850, 52,000.] 
N., E., and S. by Maryland ; W. by Potomac River, separating 

it from Virginia. 
It contains the capital of the United States and the city of George- 
town, which two cities are wholly under the control of the Congress of 
the United States. 

296. The Indian Territory? 

N. by Kansas ; E. by Arkansas ; 

S. by Texas ; W. by Texas and New Mexico. 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 31 

[This territory Is about 600 miles long from north to south, and from 300 
to 600 miles in breadth. It has been set apart by the government for the 
Indians that have been removed from the Southwestern States. It is 
much larger than the island of Great Britain, which contains England, 
Scotland, and Wales.] 

297. Kansas Territory 1 

N. by Nebraska ; E. by Missouri ; 

S. by Indian Territory, Texas, W. by New Mexico and Utah 
and New Mexico ; 

298. Minnesota Territory 1 

N. by British America ; S. by Iowa; 

E. by Lake Superior and Wis- W. by Missouri River, which sep 
consin ; arates it from Nebraska. 

[This territory lies between the Missouri River and Lake Superior.] 

299. Nebraska Territory'? 

N. by British America ; E. by Minnesota and Iowa ; 

S. by Kansas ; W. by Utah and Oregon. 

[This territory embraces one ninth of the area of the whole United States.] 

300. New Mexico Territory 1 

N. by Utah and Kansas ; E. by Texas, Indian Territory, and 

S. by Mexico and Texas ; Kansas ; 

W. by California. 
[This territory embraces one fourteenth of the area of the United States.] 

301. Oregon Territory] 

N. by Washington Territory ; E. by Nebraska ; 
S. by Utah and California ; W. by California. 
[This territory contains one sixteenth of the area of the United States.] 

302. Utah Territory I 

N. by Oregon ; E. by Kansas, Nebraska, and New 

S. by New Mexico ; Mexico ; 

W. by California. 
[This territory contains one eleventh of the area of the United States. 
It is the largest except Nebraska.] 

303. Washington Territory 1 

N. by British America ; E. by Nebraska ; 

S. by Oregon ; W. by the Pacific. 

306. "What are the two great ranges of mountains in 
the United States ? 

Answer. The Rocky Mountains in the west, and the 
Alleghany Mountains in the east. 

307. What is the extent of the Alleghany Mountains ? 
Answer. From New York to the State of Alabama, in 

a southwest direction. 

308. What two lakes lie wholly within the United 
States ? 

Answer. Michigan and Champlain, 



32 GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 

309. "Where do the rivers of the United States and the 
United States Territories flow ? 

Answer. The rivers in the United States that rise on 
the eastern side of the Alleghany Mountains flow, into 
the Atlantic Ocean. The rivers on the west of the Rocky- 
Mountains flow into the Pacific Ocean. The country 
between the Rocky and the Alleghany Mountains is 
called the Valley of the Mississippi, and the rivers in this 
valley flow generally into the Gulf of Mexico. 

310. How do you know generally what is the highest 
part of a country ? 

Answer. As all rivers run downward toward the sea 
or ocean, the highest part of a country may generally be 
found by tracing a river upward from the sea to its source. 

311. What four large lakes lie one half in the United 
States and one half in Upper Canada ? 

[See answer to Question250.) 

312. What large one near these four lakes lies wholly 
within the United States ? 

313. In what direction does the St. John's River in 
Florida run ? 

Answer. The St. John's in Florida runs north and 
northeast into the Atlantic. Most of the other rivers in 
the Atlantic States run in a southerly or southeasterly 
direction. 

314. In what direction do most of the other rivers flow 
into the Atlantic ? 

315. What are the twenty-six rivers which flow into 
the Atlantic Ocean from the east shores of the United 
States? 

Answer. The Penobscot, Kennebec, Saco, Androscog- 
gin, Merrimac, Connecticut, Hudson, Delaware, Susque- 
hanna, Potomac, Rappahannoc, York, James, Chowan, 
Roanoke, Pamlico, Neuse, Cape Fear, Santee, Edisto, 
Combahee, Savannah, Ogeechee, Altamaha, St. Mary's, 
and St. John's. 

316. What is a coast ? 

Answer. Land bordering on the water is called a coast. 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 33 

317. In what direction does the coast of the United 
States, from Maine to Florida, run ? 

318. "Where has the United States the greatest extent 
of sea-coast, on the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, 
or the Gulf of Mexico ? 

319. What state lies farthest to the north and east ? 

320. "What state lies farthest to the southwest ? 

321. What state lies west of Maine ? 

322. What states east of Pennsylvania ? 

323. What states south of Massachusetts ? 

324. What state east of Maryland? 

325. What three states south of Tennessee ? 

326. What states lie west of the Mississippi River ? 

327. What three states north of the Ohio River ? 

328. What two states south of the Ohio ? 

329. Between what two states, and through what two 
states, does the Connecticut River run, and into what 
does it flow ? 

330. In what state does the Hudson pursue its 
course ? 

331. What two states does the Hudson separate "before 
it reaches the Atlantic ? 

Answer. New York and New Jersey. 

332. Between what states does the Delaware River 
flow ? 

333. What two states does the Delaware River sep- 
arate just before its entrance into Delaware Bay ? 

334. What two states are separated by the Potomac 
River ? 

335. What two states are separated by the Savannah 
River ? 

336. What states are partly separated by the Apala- 
chicola ? 

337. Through what state does the Alabama flow ? 

338. Through what state does the Pearl River flow ? 
£•39. Through what state does the Mississippi flow be- 
fore it enters the Grulf of Mexico ? 

B2 



34 GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 

340. On what river are the Falls of St. Anthony in Min- 
nesota ? 

341. Into what river does the Yellow Stone River in Ne- 
braska flow 1 Answer. Missouri. 

342. On what river is Fort Leavenworth in Kansas 1 

343. In which of the territories are Great Salt Lake and 
Mormon City ? 

344. In which of the territories is Columbia River? 
Answer. Washington Territory. 

345. In which of the territories are the Gila and Colorado 
Rivers ? 

Answer. New Mexico. 

346. In which of the states are the Del Norte, Brazos, 
Trinity, and another Colorado ? 

Ansiver. Texas. 

347. What five states border on the eastern bank of 
the Mississippi River ? 

348. What five states and territories lie wholly or in 
part on the western bank of the Mississippi ? 

349. Through what state, and between what two ter- 
ritories, does the Missouri flow ? 

350. What states are separated, in part, by the Wabash ? 

351. What three capes on the east and south of Mas- 
sachusetts ? 

352. What two capes east of Delaware ? 

353. What two capes east of Virginia ? 

[Note. — A small part of the State of Virginia lies east of Chesapeake 
Bay, and appears to be a part of the State of Maryland. It is in the form 
of a peninsula, and is called the Eastern Shore of Virginia.] 

354. What three capes on the coast of North Carolina ? 

355. What cape is the southern extremity of Florida ? 

356. Where is there another cape of the same name ? 
(See Nova Scotia.) 

357. Is the Mississippi or the Missouri the longer from 
their source to the place where they unite ? 

358. Near what city do they unite ? 

359. Between what states is Delaware Bay ? 

360. What state is divided by Chesapeake Bay ? 

361. What river flows into Delaware Bay ? 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 35 

362. What river runs into the northern part of Chesa- 
peake Bay ? 

363. What canal connects the Hudson River with 
Lake Erie ? 

Answer. The Erie Canal. 

364. What canal connects the Hudson with Lake 
Champlain ? 

Answer. The Champlain Canal. 

365. What is a canal ? 

Answer. A canal is an artificial course of water, con- 
structed for the purpose of facilitating intercourse be- 
tween two places. 

[Note. — The locks on a canal are large basins or reservoirs, furnished with 
gates, by which the water may run in at one end and run out at the other, 
and thus the basin be filled or emptied at pleasure. By this means, large 
l)oats may ascend and descend, and avoid the inconveniences of water-falls 
and rapids.] 

366. Into what hay does the St. Croix River run, 
which divides the State of Maine, in part, from the 
Province of New Brunswick ? 

Answer. Bay of Fundy. This hay is remarkable for 
its tides, which sometimes rise to the height of fifty feet. 

367. By what lakes is the State of Michigan surround- 
ed, on the north, east, and west ? 

368. What lake divides New York from Vermont on 
the northeast ? 

369. What lake in Louisiana, near the city of New 
Orleans ? 

Answer. Lake Pontchartrain. 

370. On what river is the city of Richmond, in Vir- 
ginia ? 

371. Near what water is Norfolk, the principal sea- 
port of Virginia ? 

372. What is the capital of the United States ? 
Answer. Washington, situated in the District of Co- 
lumbia, on the east side of the Potomac River. 

373. What other town is included in the District of 
Columbia ? 

Answer. Georgetown. 



36 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 



374. What are the eight largest cities in the United 
States ? 

Answer. New York and Brooklyn, in the State of New 
York ; Philadelphia, in Pennsylvania; Baltimore, in Ma- 
ryland ; Boston, in Massachusetts ; New Orleans, in Lou- 
isiana; Cincinnati, in Ohio ; and St. Louis, in Missouri ; 
all of which cities have, at the present time, more than 
a hundred thousand inhabitants. 

375. The city of New York is frequently called " The Commercial Empo- 
rium" of the United States, because it has more commerce than any oth- 
er city in the United States. Boston is called " The Literary Emporium" 
of the United States, because its vicinity to Harvard University makes it 
the resort of literary men. Philadelphia is called " The City of Brotherly 
Love" because that is the meaning of the Greek word Philadelphia. Bal- 
timore is called " The Monumental City" from the splendid monument erect- 
ed there to the memory of Washington. New Orleans is called " The Cres- 
cent City," from its shape, which is in the form of a crescent. Cincinnati is 
called "The Queen of the West," because it was the most flourishing city of 
the Western States. Raleigh, in North Carolina, is sometimes called " The 
City of the Oaks." Washington, D. C, " The City of Magnificent Distances." 

376. According to the Census of 1850, published in 1854, the city of 
New York contained, in 1850, 515,000 inhabitants; probably now, in 
1855, 750,000 inhabitants. 

Inhabitants. Inhabitants. 



Philadelphia, in 1850 


408,000 


Manchester, N. H., in 1853. 20,000 


Baltimore, in 1853 


195,000 


Chicago, Illinois, 


. 60,000 


New Orleans, in 1853 


145,000 


Mobile, Alabama, " 


. 20,000 


Cincinnati, " 


163,000 


Salt Lake City, Utah, " 


. 10,000 


Boston, in 1850 


136,000 


San Francisco, Cal., in 1850 


Probably now, in 1855 . . 


160,000 


Sacramento City, Cal.. 


20,000 


Brooklyn, N. Y., . 1853 .. 


125,000 


Providence, R. I., in 1853 


. . 47,000 


St. Louis, Missouri, in 1853 


94,000 


Newport, " " 


. . 10,000 


Buffalo, N.Y., in 1853 .... 


60,000 


New Haven, Conn., " 


. . 23,000 


Jersey City, N. J., in 1853. 


18,000 


Hartford, " " 


.. 16,000 


Oswego City, N. Y., " . 


12,000 


Norwich, " " 


.. 11,000 


Poughkeepsie, " *' . 


14,000 


Newark, N. J., " 


. . 45,000 


Rochester " " . 


42,000 


Paterson, " " 


. . 17,000 


Syracuse, " " . 


27,000 


Reading, Penn., " 


.. 17,000 


Troy, " " . 


28,000 


Pittsburgh, " " 


. . 46,000 


Utica, " " . 


20,000 


Wheeling, Va., " 


.. 11,000 


Williamsburgh, " " . 


45,000 


Norfolk, " " 


. . 16,000 


Lowell, Mass., in 1853 


37,000 


Richmond, " 


. . 27,000 


Lawrence, Mass., " 


12,000 


Washington, D. C, " 


. . 53,000 


New Bedford, Mass. ,1853. . 


17,000 


Wilmington, Del,, " 


.. 13,000 


Newburyport, " " .. 


11,000 


Savannah, Ga., " 


. . 20,000 


Taunton, " " . . 


11.000 


Prince George, S. C, " 


. . 12,000 


Vv T orcester, " " . . 


20,000 


Charleston, " " 


. . 42,000 


Springfield, " " . . 


14,000 


St. Bartholomew, " " 


.. 18,000 


Roxbury, " " . . 


22,000 


Columbus, Ohio, " 


. . 25,000 


Charlestown, " in 1850. . 


17,000 


Detroit, Mich., " 


. . 34,000 


Salem, " 0853.. 


22,000 


Milwaukie,* Wis., " 


.. -25.000 


Portsmouth, N. H., " . . 


1 1 ,000 


Nashville, Tenn., " 


.. 15.GC0 



* This city, which is not contained in the Census of 1830, is mentioned 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 37 

Inhabitants. Inhabitants, 

Louisville, Ky., in 1853 ... 51,000 Quincy City, Illinois, in 
Lexington, " " ... 12,000 1853 , 11,000 

377. "What two rivers unite at Pittsburg, in Pennsyl- 
vania, and form the Ohio River ? 

378. "What is the course by water from Pittsburg to 
New Orleans ? 

Answer. Southwesterly, down the Ohio and Missis- 
sippi Rivers. 

379. What railroads lead from the city of Boston 1 

Answer. The Providence, leading to Providence and Newport, and 
by means of branches to the city of New York; the Worcester 
and Western, leading through Worcester to Albany and Troy, and 
by means of branches to the city of New York; the Old Colony, 
leading, by means of branches, to Plymouth, the towns on the south 
shore and Cape Cod, and also connecting with the road by Fall River to 
New York; the Boston and New York Central; the Lowell, 
leading to Lowell and Nashua ; the Eastern, leading along the shore 
to Portland; the Maine Extension, leading through the interior of the 
country to Portland; and the Fitchburg, leading to Fitchburg and the 
Connecticut River. These roads are all connected by junction roads 
in the interior towns. 

380. What cities in the United States have over a hund- 
red thousand inhabitants 1 

(See No. 376.) 

381. What cities have over fifty thousand inhabitants 1 
(See No. 376.) 

382. What two cities in the United States have increased 
most rapidly in population 1 

(See No. 376.) 

383. What are the four most commercial cities in the 
United States ? 

Answer. New York, Boston, Baltimore, and New Or- 
leans. 

384. Why is not Philadelphia, which is larger than Bos- 
ton, Baltimore, or New Orleans, as much concerned in 
commerce 1 

Ansioer. Those cities only can become great commercial cities 
that can most easily communicate with the ocean. Philadelphia is 
situated 100 miles from the sea; and, although it has considerable 
foreign commerce, it is more celebrated for its manufactures. 

in the Census of 1840 with a population of 1712 inhabitants. In ten years 
it increased more than a thousand per cent., and is described in the Cen- 
sus of 1850 as having a population of over 20,000. A note to that number 
states its actual population in 1853 at 25,000. 



38 GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 

385. On what two rivers is Philadelphia ? 

386. What river of Virginia flows into Chesapeake Bay- 
near Norfolk ? 

387. What is the largest state in extent of territory ? 
Answer. Texas, which contains 237,000 square miles. 

The next largest is California, which contains 155,000 
square miles, and then Missouri, with 67,000 square 
miles. But some of the Territories are much larger.* 

388. What are the two smallest states ? 
Answer. Delaware and Rhode Island. 

389. What state has the greatest extent of sea- 
coast ? 

390. What is the largest and most important town in 
South Carolina ? 

Answer. Charleston, situated at the confluence of 
Cooper and Ashley Rivers. 

391. What is the largest town in Georgia ? 
Answer. Savannah, on the Savannah River. 

392. In what part of Florida is Pensacola, which con- 
tains a United States navy-yard? 

393. What is the largest town of Alabama ? 
Answer. Mobile. 

394. In what state, and on what river, is Natchez ? 

395. What city in the United States has the longest 
line of communication with the interior of the coun- 
try by means of navigable rivers ? 

Answer. New Orleans, which, by means of the Mis- 
sissippi River and its branches, has nearly twenty thou- 
sand miles of steam-boat navigation. 

396. What are the three principal rivers by which New 

* The Territories rank in the following order: 

1. Nebraska. 3. New Mexico. 

2. Utah. 5. Oregon, &c. 

The Territory of Nebraska constitutes one ninth of the whole area of the 
United States, with all its territories ; Utah, one eleventh; Texas, one 
twelfth; New Mexico, one fourteenth ; Oregon, one sixteenth; Virginia 
and Missouri, each a little more than one fiftieth; South Carolina, one 
hundredth ; Massachusetts, one three hundred and eightieth ; and Rhode 
Island, one two thousand three hundred and eightieth part of the national 
area. 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 39 

Orleans is connected with the interior of the other 
states ? 

Answer. Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio. 

397. What two other large rivers flow into the Mis- 
sissippi from the southwest ? 

PRINCIPAL TOWNS IN THE UNITED 
STATES. 

[The following list presents the names of the principal cities and towns 
in each of the United States. It is recommended that the pupil be re- 
quired to find such as are laid down on his maps ; and the teacher may at 
his discretion require on what river or water, and in what part of the state, 
each is situated; or he may name the places promiscuously, and require 
him to tell only what state any particular town or city is in.] 

(The capitals are in small capitals. The large towns in large capitals.) 

398. Maine. — Augusta, PORTLAND, Bangor, Eastport, Calais, 
Belfast, Orono, Thomaston, Bath, Hallowell, Brunswick, Saco. 

New Hampshire. — Concord, PORTSMOUTH, Dover, Nashua, 
Claremont, Keene, Walpole, Exeter, Hanover. 

Vermont. — Montpelier, BURLINGTON, Windsor, Woodstock, 
Bennington, Brattleborough, Rutland. 

Massachusetts. — BOSTON, Lowell, Salem, Newburyport, Andover, 
Worcester, Marblehead, Gloucester, Nantucket, Plymouth, Springfield, 
Northampton, Fall River, Taunton, Roxbury, Brookline, Dedham, 
Waltham, Lynn, Charlestown, Cambridge, Lexington, Concord, New- 
ton, Amherst, Williamstown. 

Rhode Island.— PROVIDENCE, Newport, East Greenwich, South, 
Kingston, Bristol, Warren, Pawtucket. 

Connecticut. — Hartford, New Haven, New London, Middletown, 
Norwich, Bridgeport, Stafford, Litchfield, Danbury, Fairfield, Norwalk, 
East Windsor. 

New York.— Albany, NEW YORK, Brooklyn, Newburgh, Will- 
iamsburgh, Catskill, Poughkeepsie, Hudson, Troy, Buffalo, Lockport, 
Rochester, Utica, Syracuse, Schenectady, Ithaca, Geneva, Auburn, 
Canandaigua, Oswego, Ogdensburg, Sackett's Harbor, Plattsburg, Sar- 
atoga, Ticonderoga, Crown Point, West Point. 

New Jersey. — Trenton, NEWARK, Jersey City, New Brunswick, 
Paterson, Elizabethtown, Princeton, Monmouth. 

Pennsylvania. — Harrisburg, PHILADELPHIA, Pittsburg, Lan- 
caster, Easton, Reading, Pottsville, Wilkesbarre, York, Carlisle, Wash- 
ington, Erie, Meadville, Germantown. 

Delaware. — Dover, WILMINGTON, Newcastle, Lewistown, New- 
ark. 

Maryland. — Annapolis, BALTIMORE, Fredericktown, Hagers- 
town, Cumberland, Emmetsburg. 

District of Columbia. — Washington (capital of the United States), 
Georgetown. 

Virginia. — Richmond, Norfolk, Gosport, Petersburg, Lynchburg, 



40 GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 

Fredericksburg, Wheeling, Williamsburg, Yorktown, Mount Vernon, 
Harper's Ferry, Monticello, Alexandria. 

North Carolina. — Raleigh, Wilmington, Newbern, Edenton, Fay- 
etteville, Washington, Halifax, Charlotte. 

South Carolina. — Columbia, CHARLESTON, Prince George, St. 
Bartholomew, Camden, Beaufort, Georgetown, Hamburg, Cheraw, Eu- 
taw Springs, Cowpens. 

Georgia. — Milledgeville, Savannah, Augusta, Macon, Columbus. 
Florida. — Tallahassee, Pensacola, St. Augustine, Apalachicola, 
St. Joseph's, the small island Key West, Jacksonville, Welaka. 

Alabama.— MONTGOMERY, Mobile, Tuscaloosa, W r etumpka, Flor- 
ence, Huntsville. 

Mississippi. — Jackson, Natchez, Vicksburg. 

Louisiana. — NEW ORLEANS, Baton Rouge, Alexandria, Natchi- 
toches. 

Arkansas. — Little Rock. 

Tennessee. — NASHVILLE, Knoxville, Murfreesborough, Memphis, 
Columbia, Franklin. 

Kentucky. — Frankfort, Louisville, Lexington, Maysville. 
Ohio. — Columbus, CINCINNATI, Dayton, Chilicothe, Zanesville, 
Steubenville, Cleveland, Huron, Sandusky, Marietta. 

Michigan. — Detroit, Ann Arbor, Michilimackinac or Mackinaw, 
Monroe, Lansing. 

Indiana. — Indianapolis, Vincennes, Madison, New Albany, Michi- 
gan City. 

Illinois. — Springfield, CHICAGO, Vandalia, Alton, Galena, Kas- 
kaskia. 

Missouri. — Jefferson, ST. LOUIS, St. Charles, St. Genevieve. 
Texas. — Austin, Galveston, Houston, Velasco, San Antonio de 
Bexar. 

Wisconsin. — Madison, MILWAUKEE, Green Bay, Prairie du 
Chien. 

Iowa.— IOWA CITY, Burlington, Dubuque. 
Oregon. — Astoria. 

California. — San Francisco, Sacramento, Stockton. 
Utah.— Salt Lake City. 

[The following list presents the names of the principal towns on the 
principal rivers of the United States. The pupil may be required to find 
such as are on his map, and then to tell what state and on what river any- 
particular town or city is in.] 
399. Penobscot River, in Maine. Orono, Bangor, Belfast. 

Kennebec River. Norridgewock, Augusta, Hallowell, Gardiner, 
Bath. 

Saco River. Fryeburg, Hollis, Saco. 

Merrimac River. Lowell, Lawrence, Haverhill, Newburyport. 
Connecticut River. Haverhill, Hanover, Charlestown, Claremont, 
and Walpole, in New Hampshire ; Norwich, Windsor, and Brattle- 
boro', in Vermont ; Greenfield, Northampton, and Springfield, in Mas- 
sachusetts ; Hartford, Middletown, and Saybrook, in Connecticut. 

Hudson or North River. Albany, Troy, Hudson, Catskill, Pough- 
keepsie, Newburgh, West Point, and New York. 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 



Delaware River. Easton and Philadelphia, in Pennsylvania, Tren- 
ton, in New Jersey. 

Susquehanna River. Wyoming, Wilkesbarre, and Harrisburg.' 

Potomac River. Georgetown, Washington, and Alexandria. 

Rappahannoc River. Fredericksburg, Va. 

York River. Yorktown, Va. 

James River. Richmond, Va. 

Neuse River. Raleigh and Newbern, N. C. 

Cape Fear River. Fayetteville and Wilmington. 

Savannah River. Augusta and Savannah, Ga. 

Ohio River. Cincinnati, Portsmouth, O. ; Marietta, Wheeling, Ve- 
vay, Madison, Maysville, and Louisville 

'Wabash River. Vincennes. 
- Mississippi River. Burlington, I. ; Alton, St. Louis, St. Genevieve, 
Memphis, Vicksburg, Natchez, Baton Rouge, and New Orleans. 

Missouri River. Jefferson and St. Charles. 

Arkansas River. Dwight and Little Rock. 

Red River. Natchitoches and Alexandria. 

St. John's River, in Florida. Jacksonville and Volusia. 

Brazos River, in Texas. Brazoria and Velasco. 

Colorado River, in Texas. Austin, Bastrop, and Matagorda. 



TOWNS, ETC., IN THE UNITED STATES. 



400. In what state is each of the 

Plymouth ? 
Montpelier? 



B angor ? 
Belfast? 
Eastport? 
Augusta ? 
Hallowell? 
Bath? 
Portland ? 
Hartford? 
New Haven? 
New London? 
Portsmouth ? 
Concord? 
Exeter ? 
Newbury port? 
Salem? 
Newark ? 
Trenton ? 
Dover? 
Easton ? 
Lowell ? 
Lawrence ? 
Worcester? 
Springfield ? 
Northampton? 
Providence ? 
Newport ? 
East Greenwich 
South Kingston ? 
Boston ? 



Windsor? 
Rutland ? 
Burlington ? 
Bennington? 
Plattsburg ? 
Ticonderoga ? 
Utica ? 
New York ? 
Brooklyn ? 
Albany ? 
Troy? 
Hudson ? 
Poughkeepsie ? 
Buffalo ? 
Ithaca ? 
Rochester ? 
Harrisburg? 
Philadelphia ? 
Lancaster? 
Reading ? 
Pittsburg ? 
Baltimore ? 
Annapolis ? 
Richmond ? 
Williamsburg ? 
Petersburg ? 
Lynchburg ? 



following places 1 

Norfolk ? 
Raleigh? 
Newbern? 
Fayetteville ? 
Columbia ? 
Georgetown ? 
Charleston ? 
Beaufort? 
Milledgeville ? 
Augusta ? 
Macon ? 
Darien ? 
Tallahassee ? 
St. Augustine? - 
Pensacola ? 
St. Marks ? 
Cahawba? 
Mobile ? 
.Blakeley? 
Tuscaloosa? 
Huntsville ? 
Natchez? 
Vicksburg? 
Monticello? 
Jackson? 
Baton Rouge? 
Donaldsonville ? 
New Orleans? 
Opelousas ? 



Natchitoches ? 
Little Rock ? 
Dwight ? 
Jefferson? 
St. Louis ? 
Potosi ? 
St. Charles ? 
St: Genevieve ? 
Detroit ? 
Springfield, 111.? 
Alton ? 
Vandalia? 
Kaskaskia ? , 
Cahokia? 
Chicago ? 
Jacksonville ? 
Edwardsville ? 
Indianapolis 1 
Vincennes? 
Vevay? 
Zanesville ? 
Columbus? 
Chilicothe ? 
Dayton ? 
Cincinnati ? 
Cleveland ? 
Frankfort ? 
Louisville ? 
Lexington ? 



42 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 



Maysville ? 
Nashville ? 
Memphis ? 
Shelbyville ? 
Washington ? 



Georgetown ? 
Alexandria? 
Jacksonville ? 
Galveston? 
Austin ? 



Matagorda ? 

Brazoria? 

San Antonio de 

Bexar? 
Sacramento ? 



San Francisco? 
Salt Lake City? 
Milwaukie ? 
Iowa City? 
Detroit ? 



RIVERS IN THE UNITED STATES. 

402. In what state or states is each of the following rivers, and into 
what do they flow 1 

[Note. — The teacher who is fond of the minutiae of the science may also 
require the principal towns on each river.] 



La Moile ? 
Onion ? 
Mohawk ? 
Genesee? 
Juniata ? 
Appomattox ? 
Great and Little 

Kenhawa ? 
Great Sandy? 
Yadkin? 
Holston ? 
Tennessee ? 
Wateree ? 



Oconee ? 
Ockmulgee ? 
Coosa? 
Tombeckbee ? 
Yazoo? 
Red? 

St. Francis ? 
Cumberland? 
Illinois ? 
Kaskaskias ? 
Hudson ? 
Muskingum ? 
Hockhocking ? 



Scioto? 
Miami ? 
Wabash ? 
Coppermine ? 
Kansas ? 
La Platte ? 
Yellow Stone ? 
Sabine ? 
St. Mary's? 
Delaware ? 
Feather? 
S acramento ? 
Colorado ?( One in 



Texas, and one 
between Califor- 
nia and New 
Mexico.) 

Iowa? 

Brazos ? 

Nueces ? 

Alabama? 

Tombigbee ? 

Chattahoochee ? 

Rio Grande or 
del Norte ? 



MAP OF THE NEW ENGLAND STATES. 

[Most of the following questions may be answered from any Map of the 
United States.] 

403. "What are the six New England States? 
Answer. Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massa- 
chusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. 

404. What lake is the source of the Kennebec River ? 
Answer. Moosehead Lake. 

405. What lake in Maine borders on the northern part 
of New Hampshire, and is the source of the Andros- 
coggin River ? 

Answer. Lake Umbagog. 

406. What lake in New Hampshire is near the south- 
east corner of Maine ? 

Answer. Winnipiseogee. 

407. What lake in the northern part of Vermont ex- 
tends into Canada East ? 

Answer. Memphremagog. 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 43 

408. What lake in Vermont borders on New York ? 

409. "What lake south of Lake Champlain ? 

410. "What bay east of Massachusetts, and what two 
capes inclose it ? 

Answer. Massachusetts Bay, and Cape Ann and Cape 
Cod. 

411. "What bay south of Massachusetts Bay ? 
Answer. Barnstable Bay, called on some maps Cape 

Cod Bay. 

412. What bay southwest of Barnstable Bay ? 
Answer. Buzzard's Bay. 

413. What bay west of Buzzard's Bay ? 
Answer. Narraganset Bay. 

414. Of what ocean are all of these bays a part ? 

415. What is a bay? {See Question 21.) 

416. On what river is Boston ? 

Answer. Boston lies on Charles River, a small river 
which runs into Boston Harbor, a beautiful harbor stud- 
ded with many islands, and formed by the western side 
of Massachusetts Bay. 

417. In what states are the following rivers, and into what do they 
flow? 

Androscoggin? Nashua? Deerfield ? Farmington? 

Saco ? Taunton? Fall River ? Housatonic? 

Merrimac? Chickopee ? Thames? Otter Creek? 

418. What mountains in New Hampshire ? 

419. What mountains in Vermont, and through what 
other states do they extend ? 

420. In what state, and near what town, is each of the 
following mountains : 

Ascutney 1 

Answer. In Vermont on the borders of Windsor and Weathers- 
field. 
Mount Holyoke I Mount Tom ? 

Answer. Mount Holyoke and Mount Tom are in Massachusetts, 
near Northampton. 

Mount Washington ? 

Answer. Mount Washington is the highest of the White Mount- 
ains, in New Hampshire, near the town of Conway. It is the high- 
est summit in the Atlantic States, being nearly seven thousand feet 
high. 



44 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 



"Wachuset ? 

Answer. Massachusetts, in Princeton. 
Monadnoc ? 

Answer. In New Hampshire, between Dublin and Jaffrey. It is 
about 2800 feet high. 

421. "What islands south and southeast of Buzzard's 
Bay? 

422. What islands in Narraganset Bay ? 

423. "What water south of Connecticut ? 

424. In what direction is each of the following places 
from Boston? 

[Note. — Any other place may be substituted for Boston, should these 
questions be used in any other town.] 

Concord ] Sandwich 1 ? Portsmouth'? Augusta 1 ? 

Worcester 1 Wellfleet] Haverhill, N.H.] New Bedford 1 

Dedham] Newburyport 1 Concord] Taunton 1 ? 

Greenfield ] Gloucester] Castine] Burlington 1 ? 

Springfield] Salem] Belfast] St. Albans] 

Lenox] Providence] Bangor] Nashua] 

Hingham] New London]- Bennington] "Windsor, Vt. ] 

Plymouth] Norwich, Ct. ] Brattleborough] Norwich, "] 

Barnstable ] Hartford ] Keene ] 

425. What two states north of Massachusetts ? 

426. What two states south of Massachusetts ? 

427. Has Yermont any sea-coast ? 

428. On what peninsula are Provincetown, Wellfleet, 
Orleans, Chatham, and Barnstable ? 

Answer. Peninsula of Cape Cod. 

429. On what rivers are the following places ? 
Northampton ? Portsmouth ? Augusta ? 
Haverhill? Concord, N. H. ? Brattleborough. ? 
Newburyport? Concord, Mass. ? Windsor? 
Springfield ? Bath ? Middlebury ? 
Dover ? Hallowell ? Norwich,Yt. & Ct. ? 

430. In what part of Massachusetts, and near what large 
town, are the following places ? 

Ipswich] Dorchester] Sandwich]. Charlestown] 

Nahant ] Brighton ] Falmouth ] Lenox ] 

Groton] Cambridge] Dedham] Stockbridge] 

Lexington] Duxbury] Lynn] 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 45 



MAP OF NEW YORK, NEW JERSEY, PENN- 
SYLVANIA, AND DELAWARE, OR THE MAP 
OF THE UNITED STATES. 

431. Has Pennsylvania any sea-coast ? 

432. On what lakes and rivers does New York border ? 

433. On what lake does Pennsylvania border? 

434. What small lakes in the central and western part 
of New York? 

Answer. Oneida, Skaneateles, Owasco, Cayuga, Sene- 
ca, Canandaigua, and Crooked Lakes. 

435. What two rivers are connected by the Morris Ca- 
nal and the Hudson and Delaware Canal ? 

Answer. The Hudson and Delaware. 

436. What river and canal connect the city of New 
York with Lake Erie ? 

Answer. The Hudson or North River and the Erie 
Canal. 

437. With what are the Hudson River and the Erie 
Canal connected on the north, west, and south ? 

Answer. On the north, with Lake Champlain, by 
means of the Champlain Canal ; on the west, with 
Lakes Ontario and Erie ; and on the south, with the 
Delaware, Susquehanna, and Alleghany Rivers. 

438. By what mountains is the State of New York 
traversed ? 

Answer. By the Highland, Catskill, and Mohegan 
ranges. 

439. What large island forms part of the State of New 
York at its southeastern extremity, and what large 
city is on the island ? 

Answer. Long Island, and the city of Brooklyn. 

440. What water between Long Island and Connecti- 
cut? 

441. What is the principal branch of the Hudson or 
North River, and what large city stands about 



46 GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 

ten miles below the point where it joins the Hud- 
son? 

Answer. The Mohawk River, and city of Albany. 

442. What is the name of the passage of water be- 
tween Lakes Erie and Ontario ? 

Answer. Niagara River. 

443. Do the Falls of Niagara proceed from Lake Ene 
to Lake Ontario, or from Lake Ontario to Lake 
Erie ? 

Answer. All rivers run down toward the sea or ocean. The wa- 
ters of Lakes Superior and Michigan run into Lake Huron, and from 
thence through St. Clair River into Lake St. Clair, Detroit River, 
Lake Erie, Niagara River, and Lake Ontario, and thence through 
the River and Gulf of St. Lawrence into the Atlantic Ocean.* 

444. What river is the outlet of Lake Ontario ? 

445. What two great canals in the State of New York ? 
Answer. The Erie Canal, connecting Lake Erie with 

the Hudson River, and the Champlain Canal, connect- 
ing the Hudson with Lake Champlain. 

446. How far is the Hudson River navigable for steam- 
boats ? 

Answer. To Troy, a little above Albany. 

447. What large island in Niagara River, above Niags. 
ara Falls? 

Answer. Grand Island. 

448. What island between Long Island and the Jersey 
shore ? 

Answer. Staten Island. 

* The size of the lakes, according to the recent report of Colonel Abert, 
the very able head of the Topographical Department, is as follows : 

Greatest Length. Greatest Width. Average Width. 

Lake Superior 420 miles. 185 miles. 100 miles. 

Lake Michigan 340 

Lake Huron 105 

Georgian Bay, the eastern part ) 1on 
of Lake Huron, ) U0 

Lake St. Clair 25 

Lake Erie 240 

Lake Ontario 180 

Lake Champlain 105 

These lakes are all connected together. 
Lake Champlain with Lake Ontario. The map will show how all the 
others are connected. 



83 " 


58 
70 

45 


<( 




12 


<< 


57 " 


38 


<( 


52 " 


40 


K 


12 " 


8 


" 


The Richelieu 


River connects 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 47 

449. What rail-roads are there in the State of New- 
York ? 

Answer. The New York and Erie Rail-road ; the 
line from New York, through Albany, to Buffalo ; the 
Schenectady and Saratoga- E-ail-road ; the Hudson and 
Berkshire Rail-road ; the Oswego and Ithaca Rail-road ; 
the Long Island Rail-road ; the New York and New 
Haven Rail-road ; and the Northern or Ogdensburgh 
Rail-road. 

450. What harbor on Lake Ontario, near the mouth 
of Black River ? 

Answer. Sackett's Harbor. 

451. What town on Lake Ontario, at the mouth of Os- 
wego River and Canal ? 

452. What large town on Long Island opposite to 
New York city ? 

Answer. Brooklyn. 

453. In what respect does New York surpass all the 
other states in the Union ? 

Answer. New York surpasses all the other states in 
population, in commerce, and works of internal improve- 
ment. 

454. What is the most valuable natural advantage of 
the State of New York ? 

Answer. The most valuable natural advantage of the 
State of New York is the Hudson or North River, which 
affords a convenient communication between the city of 
New York and the large towns on its banks, and on the 
banks of its branches. 

455. How has this natural advantage been greatly in- 
creased by art ? 

Answer. By the Champlain and Erie Canals, which 
have connected the northern and western parts of the 
state with the Hudson River, and by the numerous rail- 
roads throughout the state. 

456. What two states are separated by the Hudson 
River, just before its entrance into the Atlantic ? 

Answer. New York and New Jersey. 



48 GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 

457. Into what do the following rivers flow 1 

Oswego? Monongahela? Delaware? 

Genesee? Juniata? Hudson? 

Alleghany ? Schuylkill ? Susquehanna ? 

458. What three states east of New York ? 

459. In what state, and on what waters, are the fol- 
lowing places ? 

Plattsburg ? Newburg ? Wilmington ? 

Sackett's Harbor ? West Point ? Trenton ? 

Oswego ? Rochester ? Burlington, N. J. ? 

Buffalo? New York ? Baltimore? 

Rome ? Ithaca ? Annapolis ? 

Utica ? Pittsburg ? Washington ? 

Ticonderoga ? Philadelphia ? Alexandria ? 

Schenectady? Harrisburg? Georgetown? 

Hudson? Wyoming? Wheeling? 

460. What states were once called the Middle States ? 
Answer. New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and 

Delaware were once called the Middle States, because 
they were situated between the northern and southern 
Atlantic States. Since the great increase in the num- 
ber of the states, the term " Middle States" has lost its 
appropriateness. 

461. What large cities in the Middle States? 
Answer. New York, Brooklyn, Buffalo, Williamsburgh, 

and Rochester, in the State of New York, and Philadel- 
phia and Pittsburg, in Pennsylvania. (See Note p. 36.) 

MAP OF THE SOUTHERN STATES. 

462. What are the Southern States ? 

Answer. The states generally called the Southern 
States are Maryland, Virginia, North and South Caroli- 
na, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, 
Texas, and Arkansas. 

463. Which is the largest and which the smallest of 
the Southern States? 

Answer. Texas is the largest and Maryland is the 
smallest of the Southern States in extent. 

464. What body of water divides Maryland from north 
to south? 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 49 

465. Is Maryland separated from Pennsylvania by a 
natural or artificial boundary ? 

[N.B. — A lake, river, mountain, ocean, or any natural division of land 
or water, is a natural boundary. Places not separated by such a boundary 
must be separated by an artificial one.] 

466. "What is the largest city of Maryland ? 
Answer, Baltimore. 

467. How could you go from Baltimore to Philadel- 
phia wholly by water ? 

468. What river of Maryland empties into Chesa- 
peake Bay north of the Potomac ? 

Answer. The Patuxent. 

469. What rivers separate Virginia from Maryland, 
Ohio, and Kentucky? 

Answer. Potomac, Ohio, and Big Sandy. 

470. What mountains run through Virginia ? 
Answer. The eastern range of the Alleghany Mount- 
ains, called the Blue Ridge. 

471. Where do the rivers eastward of these mount- 
ains flow ? 

Answer. The rivers east of these mountains flow into 
the Atlantic Ocean, and the rivers on the west of these 
mountains flow into the Gulf of Mexico ? 

472. How can the northwest part of Virginia com- 
municate with New Orleans ? 

473. What large rivers of Virginia flow into Chesa- 
peake Bay ? 

474. What large swamp in Virginia, and in what part ? 
Answer, The Dismal Swamp. 

475. What is a swamp ? 

Answer. A swamp is low, soft, wet, and spongy land, 
unfit for roads or pasturage, and sometimes covered 
with stagnant water. In dry seasons swamps are some- 
times mowed ; but, in general, swampy land is consid- 
ered of little value. 

476. What canal connects Chesapeake Bay with Albe- 
marle Sound? 

Answer. The Dismal Swamp Canal. 
C 



50 GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 

477. What is the principal sea-port town of Virginia ? 

478. Where is the Navy-yard in Virginia ? 
Answer. At Portsmouth, opposite to Norfolk. 

479. On what river is Petersburg ? 
Answer. The Appomattox River. 

480. Fredericksburg? 
Answer. The Rappahannoc. 

481. Yorktown, famous for the surrender of Lord 
Cornwallis to Washington ? 

Answer. On the York River. 

482. Mount Vernon, the late residence of Washington ? 
Answer. On the west side of the Potomac. 

483. Where is Lynchburg, a great tobacco market ? 
Answer. In the interior, on the James River. 

484. Where is Charlotte, the seat of the University of 
Virginia ? 

Answer. In Albemarle county, west of Richmond, and 
nearly in the centre of the state. 

485. Where is Harper's Ferry, and for what is it 
noted ? 

Answer. It is noted for a national armory, and for the 
passage of the Potomac River through the Blue Ridge ? 
a scene of surpassing grandeur. 

486. On what river is Wheeling ? 

487. What sounds and capes on the coast of North 
Carolina, and what river takes its name from one of 
these capes? 

488. What are the principal rivers in North and South 
Carolina, in what direction do they run, and into 
what do they flow ? 

489. What rivers flow into Pamlico Sound, and what 
into Albemarle Sound ? 

490. Are North and South Carolina separated by a 
natural or an artificial boundary, and what is the 
boundary ? 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 51 

491. What two large rivers in South Carolina ? 

492. What is the largest city of South Carolina, and 
how is it situated ? 

Answer. Charleston, at the confluence of Cooper and 
Ashley Rivers. 

493. What separates South Carolina from Georgia? 

494. What natural boundary separates Georgia in 
part from Alabama ? 

Answer. The Chattahoochee. 

495. What is the largest city of Georgia? 
Answer. Savannah. Population, 20,000. 

496. What natural boundary separates Georgia in 
part from Florida ? 

Answer. The St. Mary's River. 

497. What are the principal rivers of Georgia, and 
into what do they flow ? 

Answer. Savannah, Ogeechee, Altamaha (with its two 
branches, Oconee and Ockmulgee), St. Mary's, Flint, and 
Chattahoochee. All except the last two flow into the 
Atlantic. The Flint and Chattahoochee unite in Flor- 
ida to form the Apalachicola, which flows into the Gulf 
of Mexico. 

498. In what part of the state is Milledgeville, the 
capital ? 

499. What is the situation of Augusta ? 

500. Where is Dahlonega, the place where a branch 
of the "United States Mint is established ? 

Answer. In the northern part of the state. 

501. What is a mint, and why was one established at 
Dahlonega ? 

Answer. A mint is an establishment where money is 
coined. A branch of the TJ. S. Mint was established at 
Dahlonega because the gold mines of Georgia are in and 
near it. 

502. Is Florida an island, isthmus, or peninsula ? 



52 GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 

503. "What is remarkable with regard to the course of 
the River St. John's, in Florida ? 

Answer. It flows north and east, while all the other 
rivers on the Atlantic coast run south and east. (See 
Question 313.) 

504. "What is the capital of Florida, and how is it 
situated ? 

505. On what waters are the sea-ports of Florida ? 

506. What are the everglades of Florida ? 

* Answer. The everglades of Florida are immense tracts 
of marshy land, or land covered with water and grass. 

507. "Where are Pensacola and St. Augustine ? 

508. What separates Alabama from Florida ? 
Answer. The Perdido River. 

509. Has Alabama any sea-coast ? 

510. What bay in the southwest part of Alabama ? 
Answer. Mobile Bay. 

511. What two cities lie on the opposite sides of this 
bay, and to what state do they belong ? 

Answer. Mobile and Blakeley ; both belongto Alabama. 

512. What river empties into this bay, and of what 
two branches is it formed? 

Answer. Mobile River, formed by the Alabama and 
Tombigbee Rivers. 

513. Where do the rivers of Alabama empty ? 

514. On what river is Montgomery, the capital of 
Alabama ? 

515. From what does the State of Mississippi take its 
name? 

516. What is the capital of Mississippi, and on what 
river is it ? 

517. Has Mississippi any sea-coast ? 

518. What are the two largest towns in Mississippi, 
and on what river are they ? 

Answer. Natchez and Vicksburg ; population of each 
about 4000, and each on the Mississippi River. 

519. How are these two towns connected with Cin- 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 53 

cinnati in Ohio, and with Pittsburg in Pennsylva- 
nia? 

[N.B. — For the answer, follow the Mississippi and 
Ohio Rivers.] 

520. "What are the four largest rivers of Mississippi ? 
Answer. Mississippi, Pearl, Pascagoula, and Yazoo. 

521. How is Mississippi separated from Arkansas ? 

522. What river on the northeast corner of Missis- 
sippi ? 

523. What two rivers separate Mississippi from Loui- 
siana on the west and southwest ? 

524. What river separates Louisiana from Texas ? 
Answer. The Sabine. 

525. On what waters are the coasts of Mississippi and 
Louisiana ? 

526. What lakes near New Orleans ? 
Answer. Pontchartrain and Maurepas. 

527. Why is New Orleans destined to be one of the 
most commercial cities in the world ? 

Answer. On account of its immense commercial ad- 
vantages ; such as its situation near the mouth of a large 
river, communicating with many other large rivers, and 
near a gulf, communicating with the Atlantic Ocean. 

528. How many miles of steam-boat navigation are 
there above the city of New Orleans, by means of 
the Mississippi and other navigable rivers? 

(See answer to Question 395.) 

529. What are the principal rivers, which, with their 
tributaries, afford so long a line of internal commu- 
nication ? 

(See answer to Question 396. 

530. What river crosses the State of Louisiana near- 
ly through the centre, and into what does it flow ? 

531. What is the course, by water, from New Orleans 
to New York ? 

532. How can you go from New Orleans to Pittsburg 
in Pennsylvania, or Cincinnati in Ohio ? 



54 GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 

533. What separates Arkansas from Tennessee and 
Mississippi ? 

534. What great river passes through Arkansas ? 

535. In what part of the state is the capital of Ar- 
kansas ? 

536. What three rivers of Arkansas flow into the Mis- 
sissippi ? 

Answer. Arkansas, White, and St. Francis. 

537. What states are separated from Arkansas by nat- 
ural boundaries, and what ones by artificial bound- 
ary lines ? 

538. Which extends farther to the west, Arkansas or 
Louisiana ? 

539. What territory west of Arkansas ? 
Answer. The Indian Territory. 

540. Is the Arkansas or the Mississippi River the longer? 

541. What mountains pass through Arkansas from 
northeast to southwest ? 

Answer. The Ozark Mountains. [The word Ozark is 
a corrupt and abbreviated pronunciation of the word Ar- 
kansas.] 

THE INTERIOR AND WESTERN STATES. 

542. What are the Western States? 

Answer. The Western States are Ohio, Indiana, Illi- 
nois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, 
Missouri, and California. 

543. What are the boundaries of Tennessee ? 

544. What is the capital, and on what river ? 

546. What river, rising in Kentucky, passes into Ten- 
nessee, and returning again into Kentucky, flows into 
the Ohio ? 

547. What mountains in Tennessee ? 
Answer. The Cumberland Mountains. 

548. What is the largest town in Tennessee, and on 
what is it situated ? 

Answer. Nashville, the capital. Population, 15,000, 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS* 55 

549. How is Kentucky bounded ? 
(See Question 289.) 

550. What is its capital, and how situated ? 

551. "What is the largest town in Kentucky, and how 
situated ? 

Answer. Louisville. Population in 1853, 51,000. 

552. "What is the second town in size, the seat of 
Transylvania University, and how situated ? 

Answer. Lexington. Population in 1850, 12,000. 

553. "What are the principal rivers of Kentucky ? 
Answer. Ohio, Cumberland, Tennessee, Kentucky, 

Salt, and Licking. 

554. In what state, and on what rivers, are Memphis 
and Knoxville? 

Answer. Memphis, in Tennessee, on the Mississippi ; 
Knoxville, on the Holston, in the same state. 

555. In what state is Bairdstown, the seat of a Ro- 
man Catholic college, and Georgetown, the seat of a 
Baptist college ? 

Answer. Both in Kentucky. 

556. On what river is Maysville ? 
Answer. Ohio River. 

557. How is Indiana bounded ? 
(See Question 287.) 

558. What is its capital, and how situated? 

559. On what river, and in what part of the state, are 
Madison and Yevay ? 

Answer. Southeast, on the Ohio River. 

560. What lake on the north of Indiana ? 

561. Is Michigan City in Michigan or in Indiana ? 
Answer. In Indiana. 

562. What river forms the southern boundary of In- 
diana ? 

563. What river forms part of the western boundary, 
separating Indiana from Illinois ? 

Answer. The Wabash. 



56 GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 

564. How is Ohio "bounded ? 

565. What river connects the south part of Ohio with 
the city of New Orleans ? 

566. What is the capital of Ohio, and how is it situ- 
ated? 

567. What is the largest city of Ohio, and what is it 
sometimes called ? 

(See answer to Question 374, and the note to that ques- 
tion.) 

568. What are the rivers of Ohio, and into what do 
they flow ? 

Answer. Ohio, Muskingum, Hockhocking, Scioto, Mi- 
ami, and Maumee. [See Map.] 

569. On what water are Cleveland and Sandusky ? 
Answer. Lake Erie. 

570. On what river is Steubenville ? 570. Zanesville ? 
571. Chilicothe? 

Answer. Steubenville, on the Ohio ; Zanesville, on the 
Muskingum ; Chilicothe, on the Scioto. 

572. What are the principal rivers in Ohio which run 
in a southerly direction ? 

573. How is Illinois bounded ? 

574. What is its capital, and how situated ? 

575. What separates Illinois, in part, from Indiana ? 

576. On what lake does Illinois border ? 

577. What city of Illinois on Lake Michigan ? 
Answer. Chicago, 

This city has increased more rapidly in population than any other city 
in the United States except Milwaukie. Its population in 1840 was only 
4000 ; in 1850 it was 29,000 ; and in 1853 it was 60,000, more than doub- 
ling in three years. 

578. What rivers on the west, south, and southeast 
of Illinois ? 

Answer. Mississippi on the west, Ohio on the south, 
and Wabash on the southeast. 

579. What rivers of Illinois flow into the Missis- 
sippi ? 

Answer. Itock, Illinois, and Kaskaskia. 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 57 

580. "What is the length of the Mississippi and Ohio 
rivers ? 

Answer. The Mississippi is 4100, and the Ohio 1300 
miles in length. 

581. On what river is Alton ? 

582. How is Michigan hounded ? 

583. What is the capital of Michigan, and how is it 
situated ? 

584. By what lakes is Michigan in part surrounded ? 

585. What lakes separate Michigan from West Can* 
ada? 

586. Into what do the eastern and western rivers of 
Michigan respectively flow ? 

587. What states adjoin Michigan on the south? 

588. What state west of Michigan ? 

589. Where is Mackinaw ? 

Answer. On the Strait of Michilimackinac, which con- 
nects Lake Michigan with Lake Huron. 

The name Mackinac {pronounced Mackinaw) is an abbreviation of the 
name Michilimackinac. 

590. What connects Lake Superior with Lake Hu- 
ron? 

Answer. A strait called Sault de St. Mary, a rapid 
current which descends 20 feet in about 500 yards. 

591. What lake between Lakes Huron and Erie? 

592. How is Missouri bounded? 

593. What large river runs easterly through Mis- 
souri ? 

594. What state north of Missouri ? 

595. What large rivers in Missouri flow into the Mis- 
souri? 

Answer. The Osage, Grand, and Platte. 

596. What is the capital of Missouri ? 

597. What mountains in the southwest part of Mis- 
souri ? 

[See answer to Question 541.) 

598. For what mines is Missouri noted? 
Answer. For its lead mines. 

02 



58 GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 

•599. On what river are St. Louis and St. Charles? 

600. On what river are Frankfort, Lexington, and Lou- 
isville ? 

Answer. St. Louis, on the Mississippi ; St. Charles, on 
the Missouri ; Frankfort, capital of Kentucky, on the 
Kentucky (population in 1853, 5000) ; Lexington, seat 
of Transylvania University (population in 1853, 12,000), 
in Kentucky, on a branch of the Licking River ; Louis- 
ville, on the Ohio (population in 1853, 51,000). 

601. "Why is St. Louis probably destined to be a very 
large city? 

Answer. Because it is situated nearly at the conflu- 
ence of the two largest rivers in the United States. 

602. How is Texas bounded ? 

603. What is the capital of Texas ? 

604. Has Texas any sea-coast ? 

605. What large rivers of Texas flow into the Gulf 
of Mexico ? 

606. In what direction do the rivers of Texas flow ? 

607. What are the two largest of the Interior and 
Western States ? 

Answer. California and Missouri. 

608. How is Iowa bounded ? 

609. What is the capital of Iowa, and how is it situ- 
ated? 

610. In what part of Iowa is Dubuque ? 
Answer. Eastern, on the Mississippi. 

611. What Indian tribes still occupy large portions 
of Iowa ? 

Answer. The Sioux (pronounced Sooz), Sacs, and Fox 
Indians. 

612. On what river is Burlington, in Iowa? 
Answer. The Mississippi. 

613. What rivers, running southeasterly through Iowa, 
flow into the Mississippi ? 

Answer. The Iowa and the Des Moines. 

614. How is Wisconsin bounded ? 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 59 

615. "What is the capital of "Wisconsin, and how is it 
situated ? 

616. On what water is Milwaukie ? 
(See answer to Question 374.) 

617. What bay from Lake Michigan runs into Wis- 
consin, and what town is at the head of this hay ? 

Answer. Green Bay. The town is called Astor or 
Green Bay. 

618. Where is Prairie du Chien ? 

Answer. In Michigan, on the Mississippi, at the mouth 
of the Wisconsin. 

619. For what mines are Wisconsin, Iowa, and Illi- 
nois noted ? 

Answer. For their lead mines. Galena, in Illinois, 
derives its name from its abounding in a mineral 
substance called Galena, from which pure lead is ob- 
tained. 

620. What river of Wisconsin runs into the Mississippi 
in a westerly direction, near the south part ? 

621. On what lakes does Wisconsin border ? 

What lake in the eastern part of Wisconsin communi- 
cates with Grreen Bay by means of Fox River 2 
Answer. Winnebago Lake. 

622. In what state are the following rivers? 
Yazoo? Wabash? Kaskaskias ? 
Black ? Hockhocking ? Sangamon ? 
Scioto ? Illinois ? Osage ? 

Answer. Yazoo and Black, in Mississippi ; Scioto and 
Hockhocking, in Ohio ; Wabash, in Indiana ; Illinois, 
Kaskaskias, and Sangamon, in Illinois ; and Osage, in 
Missouri. 

623. Which of the Western States are bounded in 
part by both the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers ? 

624. Which states are bounded on the east by the 
Mississippi River ? 

625. Which of the Western States lies farthest from 
the Atlantic Ocean ? 

626. How can the western parts of Wisconsin and 



60 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 



Illinois, and the eastern parts of Iowa, Missouri, and 
Arkansas communicate with the Atlantic Ocean ? 

627. How can the lead from Galena he transported 
to the city of New Orleans, or to New York ? 

628. What city, from its position, is the great market 
for the mineral productions of the Western States ? 

629. In what state are the following places ? 
Cincinnati ? Chilicothe ? Dayton ? 
St. Louis? Cleveland? Louisville? 
Chicago ? Frankfort ? Maysville ? 
Galena ? Little Rock ? Detroit ? 
Potosi ? Jefferson City ? Michigan City 1 
Nashville ? Madison ? Memphis ? 
Lexington 1 Vincennes ? 

CENTRAL AMERICA, AND THE COLUMBIAN 
ARCHIPELAGO, OR WEST INDIA ISLANDS. 

630. What small republics and countries are there in Cen- 
tral America ? 

Answer. Costa Rica ; capital or chief town, San Jose ; 



Guatemala, 
Honduras, 
Nicaragua, 
San Salvador, 
Mosquitia, 
British Honduras, 



New Guatemala ; 

Comayagua ; 

Leon ; 

San Salvador ; 

Blewfields ; 

Balize. 



The West India Islands are under different European governments. 

631 . What country west of the Bay of Honduras, and what 
is its chief town ? 

Answer. Balize, or British Honduras ; chief town, Balize. 

632. Where is Mosquitia, or the Mosquito Shore ? 
Answer. On the eastern coast of Central America. 

633. Does Panama belong to Central or South America ? 
Answer. Panama is a province of New Granada, one of the coun- 
tries of South America. It is sometimes called Darien.* 

* A rail-road has recently been constructed, by which the isthmus may 
lie crossed by travelers. A canal is also in progress, to connect Lake Nica- 
ragua (in Nicaragua) with the Pacific Ocean. When the canal is com- 
pleted, a passage will be opened, by means of the San Juan River and 
Lake Nicaragua, between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. This will 
very much shorten the passage of vessels going from Europe or the United 
States to the western coasts of America. 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 61 

634. Where is San Juan, sometimes called Greytown? 
Answer. It is a sea-port of Nicaragua, at the mouth of the San 

Juan, a river which carries the waters of Lake Nicaragua to the 
Caribbean Sea. 

635. Where is Chagres ? 

Answer. It is a sea-port of New Granada, on the north coast of 
Panama, at the mouth of the Chagres River. 

636. Where is Aspinwall ? 

Answer. It is another small town of New Granada, on the north 
coast of Panama. It has become important, because the American 
and English steamers stop here, and because it contains the extensive 
depots, machine-shops, and warehouses of the Panama Rail-road. 

637. What two countries occupy the island of Hayti 1 
Answer. The empire of Hayti occupies the west part, and the re- 
public of Dominica the east. Principal towns of Hayti are Cape 
Haytien, Port au Prince, and Gonaives ; of Dominica, San Domin- 
go. The population of Hayti is almost entirely black ; of Dominica, 
it is composed of Spaniards, Creoles,* and blacks. 

638. How is the island of Cuba situated ? 

Answer. Cuba is situated at the entrance of the Gulf 
of Mexico, and on that account it is sometimes called the 
Key of the Gulf. It is the largest and most important 
of the West India Islands. Its chief towns are Havana, 
Santiago, Matanzas, Santa Clara, Santa Maria, and Trin- 
idad. 

[Population of Havana, 200,000, half of whom are colored, or blacks.] 

639. To whom does the island of Jamaica belong ? 
Answer. Jamaica belongs to England. 

Chief towns, Kingston, Spanish Town (the capital), Port Royal, 
Mount Lucea, Montego, Falmouth, and St. Ann's. Jamaica has be- 
come somewhat noted on account of the emancipation of the slaves by 
the British government. 

640. Between what two islands is the Mona Passage 1 
Answer. Between Hayti and Porto Rico. 

641. Between which two is the Windward Passage ? 
Answer. Between Cuba and Hayti. 

642. What name is applied to the different clusters 
of the West India Islands ? 

Answer. The Great Antilles (including Cuba, Hayti, 
Jamaica, and Porto Rico), the Bahama Islands, the Wind- 
ward, the Leeward, and the Virgin Islands. 

* The term Creole is frequently misunderstood, being supposed to imply 
a mixture of races, whereas it means only the descendants of Europeans who 
were born in America or the West Indies. 



62 GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 

643. In which of these clusters is the island first seen 
by Columbus? 

Answer. The first land seen by Columbus, on his voy- 
age of discovery, was San Salvador, one of the Bahama 
Islands. It is now called Cat Island, and also Guan- 
hani. 

MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA. 

644. Is South America a large island or a peninsula ? 

645. "What isthmus connects it with North America ? 
Answer. The Isthmus of Darien. 

646. "What countries are in South America ? 
(See Question 11.) 

647. "What are the north, east, south, and west capes 
of South America ? 

Answer. North, Vela; east, St. Roque; south, Cape 
Horn ; west, Blanco. 

648. What sea on the north of South America ? 

649. "What appears from the map to be the most strik- 
ing natural feature of South America ? 

Answer. The mountains running through the whole 
western side. 

650. "What chain of mountains extends through the 
western side of South America ? 

651. "What are the three great rivers of South Amer- 
ica? 

Answer. The Amazon, the largest river in the world, the La Plata, 
and the Oronoco. 

652. Through what country and into what ocean does 
each of these rivers flow ? 

653. Of what large river are the Parana, the Paraguay, 
and the Pilcomayo branches ? 

654. "What city near the mouth of the Rio de la Plata ? 

655. What islands northeast of Terra del Fuego ? 

656. "What strait separates Terra del Fuego from Pat- 
agonia ? 

657. "What island south of Chili ? 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 63 

658. "What island west of Chili, noted as the residence 
of Alexander Selkirk, or Robinson Crusoe ? 

659. "What island north of Juan Fernandez ? 

660. Have the United States of the Republic of La 
Plata* any sea-coast on the Pacific Ocean ? 

661. What countries border on the Pacific between 
Chili and Peru ? 

662. What country between New Granada and Peru ? 

663. What country between New Granada and Guiana ? 

BOUNDARIES OF THE COUNTRIES IN SOUTH AMERICA. 

664. New Granada? 

N. by the Caribbean Sea ; E. by Venezuela ; 

S. by Equador ; W. by the Pacific. 

Capital, Santa Fe de Bogota. 

665. Venezuela 1 

N. by the Caribbean Sea ; E. by Guiana ; 

S. by Brazil ; W. by New Granada. 

Capital, Caraccas. 

[Population from 30,000 to 50,000.] 

666. Ecuador? 

N. by New Granada ; E. by Brazil ; 

S. by Peru ; W. by the Pacific. 

Capital, Quito. 

[N.B. — The three countries, New Granada, Venezuela, and Ecuador, 
formerly formed one country, called Colombia.] 
Guiana ! 

N. by the Atlantic ; E. by Brazil ; 

S. by Brazil ; W. by Venezuela. 

Guiana is divided into English, Dutch, and French Guiana. Dutch 
Guiana lies between French Guiana on the east, and English Guiana on 
the west. Georgetown is the capital of English Guiana, Cayenne (pro- 
nounced Kian) of French, and Paramaribo of Dutch Guiana. 

667. The United States of the Republic of La Plata, or the Argentine 
Republic 1 

N. by Bolivia ; E. by Paraguay, Uruguay, and 

S. by the Atlantic and Pata- Brazil ; 

gonia ; W. by the Andes, which separate 

it from Chili. 
Capital, Buenos Ayres. 

[Population in 1852, 120,000.] 

* These states, sometimes called the Argentine Republic,' are repre- 
sented on some maps as Buenos Ayres. The states constituting the re- 
?ublic are Buenos Ayres, Corrientes, Entre Bios, Santa Fe, Cordoba, San 
mis, Mendoza, San Juan, Rioja, Catamarca, Santiago, Tucuman, Salta, 
and the Indian Territory of Grand Chaco. 



64 GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 

668. Paraguay! 

N. and E. by Brazil ; W. by Paraguay River, separating 

S. by the States of La Plata ; it from the States of La Plata. 
Capital, Assumption or Asoncian. 

[Population estimated at 10,000] 
The Parana River constitutes its southern and a large part of its 
eastern boundary. 

669. Uruguay or Banda Oriental ] 

N. by Brazil ; E. by Brazil and the Atlantic ; 

S. by the Atlantic and Rio de W. by Uruguay River, separating 
la Plata ; it from the States of La Plata. 

Capital, Monte Video. [Population, 15,000.] 

670. Patagonia? 

N. by the States of La Plata E. by the Atlantic ; 

and Chili ; S. and W. by the Pacific. 

The Strait of Magellan separates it on the south from Terra del Fue- 
go, or Land of Fire ; so called on account of a volcano on the island. 
Being inhabited by Indians alone, it has no capital. 

671. Chili? 

N. by Bolivia ; E. by the States of La Plata ; 

S. and W. by the Pacific. 
Capital, St. Jago. 

672. Bolivia] 

N. by Brazil ; E. by Brazil and Paraguay ; 

S. by the States of La Plata W. by the Pacific, 
and Chili ; 
Capital, La Plata, or Chuquisaca. Population, 25,000. 

673. Peru? 

N. by Ecuador; E. by Brazil and Bolivia; 

S. by Bolivia and the Pacific ; W. by the Pacific. 
Capital, Lima. [Population, 70,000] 

674. Brazil] 

N. by Venezuela, Guiana, and W. by the States of La Plata, Para- 
the Atlantic ; guay, Bolivia, Peru, and Ecua- 

E. and S. by the Atlantic and dor. 
Uruguay ; 
Capital, Rio Janeiro. Population, 170,000. 

675. What islands lie east, south, and west of Pata- 
gonia ? 

676. To what country does the Isthmus of Darien, or 
Panama, belong ? 

Answer. New Granada, in South America. 

677. In what country is the River Magdalena, and into 
what does it flow ? 

Answer. New Granada. 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 65 

678. In what country is St. Salvador, or Bahia ? 
Answer. St. Salvador is in Brazil. Population, 100,000. 

679. In what country is Callao ? 

[N.B. — Callao is the sea-port of Lima.] 

680. In what direction does each of the following riv- 
ers run ? 

681. The Amazon? The La Plata? The Oronoco? 
The Madeira? The Negro? 

682. In what country, and in what part, are the following 
places"* 



Caraccas ? 


Lake Titicacal 


St. Salvador! 


Cumana 1 


Lake Maracaibo ] 


St. Martha 1 


Valparaiso 1 


La Guayra 1 


La Paz ? 


Pernambuco 1 


Cayenne ? 


Villa Rica! 


Truxillol* 


Para] 


Villa Boa ! 


Carthagena \ 


Tejuco \ 


Guayaquil ! 


Potosi ] 


Guanca Velica 1 


Quito ! 


Cuzco % 


Rio Janeiro 4 


Lima 1 


Buenos Ayresl 


Monte Video 1 


Demerara 1 


Santiago It 


Santa Fe de Bogota 1 





683. What is the length and breadth of South Amer- 
ica? 

Answer. Four thousand eight hundred miles in length, 
and three thousand two hundred miles in breadth. 

684. "What is the height of the highest mountains in 
South America ? 

Answer. Twenty-five thousand feet, or nearly five 

miles. 

[The mountain Nevada Sorata,in Brazil, is 25,250 feet; 
Chimborazo, in Ecuador, is 21,423 feet; Cotopaxi, the 
most tremendous volcano in the world, is also in Ecuador, 
and is 18,890 feet high. The noise of this volcano is 
sometimes heard at the distance of 600 miles.] 

685. In what respect does South America exceed all 
other parts of the earth ? 

Answer. In the abundance of the precious metals and 
minerals, such as gold, silver, platina, mercury, diamonds. 

686. How is South America bounded ? 

* One city of this name in Venezuela, and another in Peru. 
f There is one city of this name in Chili (the capital), and another in 
the Republic of La Plata? 



66 GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 

687. "What is a volcano ? 

Answer. A volcano is a burning mountain, or a mount- 
ain which either constantly or occasionally emits smoke 
and flame, and sometimes discharges a stream of red- 
hot matter, called lava. 

688. Compare the maps of North and South America, 
and tell which of the two is the more indented by 
seas, gulfs, bays, &c. 

MAP OF EUROPE. 

689. How is Europe bounded ? 

Answer. Europe is bounded on the north by the Arc- 
tic Ocean ; east, by Russia in Asia, the Caspian and 
Black Seas ; south, by the Mediterranean Sea, the Archi- 
pelago, the Sea of Marmora, the Black Sea, and the 
Sea of Azof; west, by the Atlantic Ocean. 

690. "What separates Europe from Russia in Asia ? 

691. What countries does Europe contain? 
(See Question 12.) 

692. "What are the six principal ranges of mountains 
in Europe ? 

Answer. The principal mountains in Europe are the 
Alps, Pyrenees, Apennines, Carpathian, Dofrafield, and 
Ural. 

693. What two countries are separated from Italy by 
the Alps ? 

694. In what country are the Apennines ? 

695. In what country are the Carpathian Mountains ? 

696. Between what two countries are the Dofrafield 
Mountains ? 

697. In what country are the Ural Mountains, and 
what do they separate ? 

698. What four celebrated volcanoes are there in Eu- 
rope? (See Question 687 .) 

Answer. iEtna, in Sicily ; Vesuvius, near the city of 
Naples ; Stromboli, on one of the Lipari Islands, north 
of Sicily; Hecla, in Iceland. 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 67 

699. What are the eight most noted capes of Europe ? 
Answer. North Cape, north of Norway ; the Naze, 

south of Norway ; Cape Clear, south of Ireland ; Cape 
Finisterre, northwest of Spain ; Cape Ortegal, north of 
Spain ; Cape St. Vincent, south of Portugal ; Cape Tra- 
falgar, south of Spain ; Cape Matapan, south of Greece. 

700. "What are the most important islands of Europe, 
and in what sea is each situated ? 

Answer. Great Britain, Ireland, Iceland, Sicily, Sar- 
dinia, Corsica, and Candia. (See the map, to find the 
seas in which they are situated.) 

701. What nine seas are in and around Europe ? 
Answer. The Mediterranean, Archipelago, Marmora, 

Black, Azof, North, Irish, Baltic, and White. 

702. How is the Mediterranean Sea situated ? 
Answer. The Mediterranean is situated between Eu- 
rope and Africa, or east of Spain, and south of France, 
Italy, and Turkey. 

703. What name is given to the eastern part of the 
Mediterranean ? 

Answer. The Levant. 

704. What is the meaning of the name Archipelago ? 
Answer. The term Archipelago is applied to any tract 

of sea containing many islands, and especially to that 
part of the Mediterranean which lies between Asia Mi- 
nor and Greece. This sea is sometimes called the 2Ege- 
an Sea. The North Sea is sometimes called the North- 
ern Archipelago ; and the sea south of the Chinese Sea, 
on the map of Asia, the Eastern Archipelago. 

705. Between what two seas is the Sea of Marmora ? 

706. What connects the Sea of Marmora with the 
Black Sea ? 

Answer. The Bosphorus, or Strait of Constantinople. 

707. What sea north of the Sea of Marmora ? 

708. What sea north of the Black Sea ? 

709. What sea in Asia lies east of the Black Sea ? 

710. What sea of Europe within the territory of Russia ? 
(See north part of Russia.) 



68 GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 

711. What sea between England and Ireland ? 

712. "What sea east of England and Scotland, and west 
of Denmark ? 

713. What two small seas connect the North Sea with 
the Baltic? 

714. What sea east of the southern part of Sweden ? 

715. What gulfs north and east of the Baltic Sea ? 

716. What channel between England and France ? 

717. What strait connects the British or English 
Channel with the North Sea ? 

Answer. The Strait of Dover. 

718. What bay north of Spain and west of France ? 

719. What channel connects the Irish Sea with the 
Atlantic Ocean ? 

720. What gulf east of the southern part of France ? 

721. What does Italy resemble in its shape ? 

722. What islands north and northwest of Scotland ? 

723. What small islands in the Mediterranean, east of 
Spain ? 

Answer. The Balearic Islands, consisting of five small 
islands, the principal of which are Minorca, Majorca, 
and Ivica. On the island of Minorca is Port Mahon, 
one of the best harbors in the Mediterranean. It has a 
population of 13,000. 

724. What three large islands in the Mediterranean, 
south of Italy ? 

725. What gulf southeast of Italy ? 

726. What peninsula in the north part of the Black 
Sea? 

Answer. The Crimea.* 

* This peninsula has lately excited considerable interest, as the princi- 
pal theatre of the war between Russia on the one side, and England, 
France, and Turkey on the other. It lies between the Black Sea and 
the Sea of Azof. The principal fortress, Sebastopol or Sevastopol, or 
Akhtiar, is on the southwestern part, on the Black Sea. It is an impor- 
tant fortified sea-port and arsenal of Russia, and the station for the Rus- 
sian fleet in the Black Sea, and no merchant vessels are admitted. The 
Crimea has changed its masters so often that every town in it has three 
different names. Some of the towns of the Crimea which have recently 
come into notice are Sebastopol, Simferopol, Balaklava, Inkermann,, and 
Eupatoria. 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 69 

727. "What three lakes in Russia ? 
Answer. Ladoga, Onega, and Peipus. 

728. What two lakes in Sweden ? 
Answer. Wenner and Wetter. 

729. What are the three principal lakes in Switzer- 
land? 

Answer. Lakes Constance, Geneva (or Leman), and 
Lucerne. 

730. Wliat are the three most important rivers of Eu- 
rope? 

Answer. The Volga, Danube, and Rhine. 

731. Into what does the Volga flow ? 

Answer. The Volga flows into the Caspian Sea. It 
is connected by a canal with the Neva, which flows into 
the Baltic Sea, and thus forms a communication between 
the Baltic and Caspian Seas. 

732. Where does the Danube rise, and into 'what does 
it flow?'* 

Answer. The Danube rises near Lake Constance, and 
flows into the Black Sea. 

733. Where does the Rhine, the most important of 
these three rivers, rise, and into what does it 
flow? 

Answer. The Rhine rises in the Alps, and flows 
through Holland into the North Sea. 

734. What are the three largest gulfs of Europe ? 
Answer. The gulfs of Venice, Bothnia, and Fin- 
land. 

735. WTiat is the only large hay? 
Answer. The Bay of Biscay. 

736. What country in Europe extends farthest to the 
north ? 

737. What Gountry in Europe extends farthest to the 
south ? 

738. What country in Europe extends farthest to the 
east? 



70 GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 

739. What country in Europe extends farthest to the 
west? 

740. What countries in Europe border on the Mediter- 
ranean Sea? 

741. What is the largest country in Europe ? 

BOUNDARIES OF THE COUNTRIES OF EUROPE. 

742. Norway? 

N. by the Arctic Ocean; S. Skager-rack Sea; 

E. by Sweden and Rus- W. by the North Sea or Ger- 
sian Lapland ; man Ocean. 

Capital, Christiania. [Population, 26,000.] 

Norway forms a part of the kingdom of Sweden. The 
inhabitants are called Northmen or Normans, and also 
Norwegians. Norway and Sweden occupy the Scandina- 
vian Peninsula. 

743. Sweden? 

N. by Norway and Lap- S. by the Baltic Sea ; 

land ; W. by Norway ahd the Do^ 

E. by the Baltic and Gulf frafield Mountains or Scan- 

of Bothnia ; dinavian Alps. 

Capital, Stockholm. Population, 93,000. 

744. Russia (in Europe) ? 

N. by the Arctic Ocean ; E. by Siberia and the Cas- 

S. by Asiatic Russia, Black pian Sea ; 

Sea, Turkey, and Aus- W. by Austria, Prussia, the 
tria ; Baltic, and Sweden. 

Capital, St. Petersburg. [Population in 1852, 479,000.] 

The Russian Empire, including Russia in Asia and 
Russian America, is the largest empire in the world, 
containing one seventh of the land on the globe. The 
whole population of the empire is about 68,000,000 of 
people. 

745. England? 

N. by Scotland ; E. by the North Sea ; 

S. by the English Channel; W. by the Irish Sea. 

Capital, London, on the Thames, 40 miles from its 
mouth. Population, 2,362,000. It is the most commer- 
cial city in the world. 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 71 

746. Scotland? 

N. and W.by the Atlantic ; E. by the North Sea or Ger- 
S. by England and the man Ocean. 

Irish Sea; 
Capital, Edinburgh. [Population in 1851, 160,000.] 

747. Ireland? 

N.y' S., and "W. by the At- E. by the Irish Sea. 

lantic ; 

Capital, Dublin, on both sides of the LifFey. Popula- 
tion in 1851, 287,000. 

England, Scotland, and Ireland form what is called the 
United Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland. It pos- 
sesses colonies and dependencies in almost every part of 
the globe. 

[The grand total of inhabitants of the countries under the crown of En- 
gland is 194,997,280, according to the latest census.] 

748. France? 

N. by the English Chan- E. by Germany, Switzerland, 

nel, Straits of Dover, and Italy ; 

and Belgium ; W. by the Atlantic and Bay 

S. by the Mediterranean of Biscay. 

and Spain ; 

Capital, Paris, on»the Seine, 111 miles from its mouth. 

Population in 1851, 1,021,530. Its sea-port is Havre. 

[The entire population of France, with its colonial possessions, is. 
36,605,000 inhabitants.] 

749. Holland? 

N. and W. by the North S.by Belgium and the Grand 
Sea or German Ocean ; Duchy of Luxemburg. 

E . by Hanover and Prussia ; 

Capital, Amsterdam, of North Holland. Population in 
1850, 288,800. Hague, capital of South Holland. Pop- 
ulation, 66,000. Hague is the usual residence of the court 
and of the States-General. 

[Total population of Holland in 1852, 3,362,325.] 

750. Belgium? 

N. by Holland ; E. by Western Prussia ; 

S. by France ; "W. by France and the North 

Sea. 
Capital, Brussels. [Population in 1853, 145,000, 
Total population of Belgium in 1849, 4,359,000.] 



72 GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 

751. Denmark? 

N: and W. by North Sea ; S. by Elbe River, which sep- 
E. by Cattegat and Baltic ; arates it from Germany ? 
Capital, Copenhagen. [Population in 1850, 129,000. 

Total population of Denmark and its colonies in 1850, 2,413,000 inhab- 
itants.] 

752. Poland? 

N. and E. by Russia; W. by Prussia. 

S. by Austria; 

Capital, Warsaw. Population, 154,000. 

[Total population of Poland in 1850, 4,800,000. 
Formerly Poland was a larger country than France, and contained a 
population of 15,000,000. In the year 1773 it was conquered, and divided 
between Russia, Prussia, and Austria. The larger part now belongs to 
Russia.] 

753. Prussia is divided into two parts, Western or Rhen- 
ish Prussia, and Eastern Prussia, which is much the 
larger. 

Western Prussia ? 

N. by Hanover ; S. by France and Germany ; 

E. by Germany ; W. by Holland and Belgium. 

754. Eastern Prussia ? 

N. by the Baltic ; S. by Austria and Germany ; 

E. by Poland ; W. by Germany. 

Capital of the kingdom, Berlin. [Population in 1852, 
442,000. 

Population of all Prussia in 1852, 17,000,000.] 

755. Germany consists of thirty-eight sovereignties, in- 
cluding four free cities. 

N. by the North Sea, Den- S. by Switzerland and Italy ; 
mark, and the Baltic ; W. by France, Belgium, and 
E. by Prussia and Austria ; Holland. 
Capital, Frankfort. [Population in 1849, 72,000. 
The entire population of the German Confederation in 1851 was 
29,800,000.] 

756. Austria? 

N. by Germany, Prussia, E. by Russia and Turkey ; 

Poland, and Russia ; W. by Germany and Switz- 
S. by Turkey, Gulf of Ven- erland. 

ice and Italy ; 
Capital, Vienna. [Population in 1852, 478,000. 

Population of Austria in 1850, 36,500,000.] 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 73 

757. Switzerland ? 

N. by Germany; E. and S. by Austria; 

W. by France. 

Capital, Berne. [Population, 23,000. 

Total population of Switzerland, 2,390,000.] 

758. Portugal? 

N. and E. by Spain; S. and W. by the Atlantic. 

Capital, Lisbon, on the Tagus. [Population in 1845, 
280,000. 

Total population of Portugal and its colonies, 6,163,000.] 

759. Spain? 

N. by the Bay of Biscay tar, which separates it 

and the Pyrenees Mount- from France ; 

ains, which separate it E. by the Mediterranean; 

from France ; W. by Portugal and the At- 

S. by the Mediterranean lantic. 

and the Strait of Gibral- 
Capital, Madrid, on the Manzanares, a branch of the 
Tagus. [Population in 1849, 260,000. 

Population of Spain, with, all its dependencies, 18,000,000.] 

760. Italy ? 

N-. by Switzerland and (or Adriatic Sea) and the 
Austria ; Ionian Sea ;* 

S. by the Mediterranean ; "W. by France and the Med- 

E. by the Gulf of Venice iterranean. 

Italy is divided into a number of states and divisions. 
Rome is the capital of that portion called the States of the 
Church, or the Popedom. [Its population in 1852, 175,000. 

The States of the Church have a population of 2,898,000. The king- 
dom of the Two Sicilies has a population of 8,700,000.] 

761. Turkey, or the Ottoman Empire, is partly in Europe 
and partly in Asia. 

Turkey in Europe ? 

N. by Austria and Russia; E. by the Black Sea ; 
S. by Greece, the Archi- W. by Austria, the Adriatic 
pelago and Marmora (or Gulf of Venice), and 
Seas ; the Ionian Seas. 

Capital, Constantinople. [Population uncertain, but 
estimated, with its suburbs, at 400,000. 

Total of the Ottoman Empire, 35,500,000.] 

* That part of the Mediterranean which lies between Sicily and Greece 
i% frequently called the Ionian Sea, 

D 



74 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 



E. by the Archipelago (or 
iEgean Sea), which sepa-* 
rates it from Asia. 



762. Greece? 
N. by European Turkey ; 
S. by the Mediterranean 
W. by Ionian Sea ; 
Capital, Athens. 

[Population, 27,800. 
Population of Greece in 1852, 1,002,000.] 

763. To what country does Hungary belong ? 

764. To what two countries does Lapland belong ? 
Answer. Russia and Sweden. 

765. "Where is the Ionian Republic ? 

Answer. The name Ionian Republic is applied to sev- 
en small islands west of Greece. Their names are Corfu, 
Cephalonia, Zante, St. Maura, Ithaca, Cerigo, and Paxo. 

766. In what countries are the following places, and 
on what waters, if any, are they situated ? 



London ? 
Paris ? 
Madrid? 
Lisbon? 
St. Petersburg? 
Moscow ? 
Liverpool ? 
Dublin? 
Perth? 
Aberdeen ? 
Oporto ? 
Barcelona ? 
Cape St. Vincent? 
Cape Trafalgar? 
Belfast? 
Corunna ? 
Bordeaux ? 
Poitiers ? 
Nantes ? 
Malaga ? 



G-ranada ? 
Rome? 
Florence ? 
Venice ? 
Milan? 
Berne ? 
Havre ? 
Calais? 
Dover ? 
Bristol? 
Drontheim ? 
Bergen ? 
Christiania ? 
Elsinore ? 
Copenhagen ? 
Hamburg ? 
Berlin? 
Cologne ? 
Brussels ? 
Frankfort? 



Stuttgard ? 
Lyons ? 
Marseilles ? 
Toulouse ? 
Athens? 
Corinth? 
Palermo ? 
Ajaccio ? 
Vienna ? 
Buda? 
Naples ? 
Archangel ? 
Smolensk ? 
Tver? 
Kazan ? 
Cherson ? 
Odessa ? 
Crimea ?* 
Constantinople ? 
Seville? 



* Crimea is a peninsula of Europe, bounded on the south and west by 
the Black Sea. It was anciently called Taurica Chersonesus. The prin- 
cipal towns in the Crimea are Sebastopol (population 40,000 ; it has one 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 75 



Xtouen ? Lille ? 


Waterloo? 


Texel? Toulon? 


Munich ? 


Amsterdam ? Trieste ? 


"Warsaw ? 


Hague ? Turin ? 




»7. Into what do the following rivers flow ? 


Thames? Tagus? 


Danube ? 


Seine ? Duero ? 


Don? 


Loire ? Guadiana ? 


Dnieper ? 


Rhone ? Guadalquiver ? 


Dniester ? 


Rhine? Ebro? 


Vistula? 


Garonne ? Tiber ? 


Oder? 



768. What are the five most powerful states of Eu- 
rope, commonly called the great powers ? 

Answer. The great powers of Europe are Great Brit- 
ain, France, Russia, Austria, and Prussia. 

769. What is meant by the name Great Britain ? 
Answer. Great Britain is a large island west of the 

North Sea, containing England, Scotland, and Wales. 
Ireland (sometimes called the Emerald Isle) is a small- 
er island, west of it, being separated from it by the Irish 
Sea. But by the name Great Britain is now usually 
meant the united kingdom of England, Scotland, and 
Ireland, represented on maps by the name of the Brit- 
ish Isles. 

The British Empire consists of the British Isles and immense colo- 
nial possessions in all parts of the world, and contains more than 
double the number of inhabitants belonging to any other power of Eu- 
rope, and it is the most powerful empire of the world. 

MAP OF ENGLAND, SCOTLAND, AND IRE- 
LAND. 

770. How is the island of Great Britain divided ? 
Answer. The island of Great Britain is divided into 

England, Scotland, and Wales. 

771. In what part of the island is England? In 
what part is Scotland ? In what part is Wales ? 

of the finest harbors in the world), Simferopol, Eupatoria, Kertsch, Theo- 
dosia, Balaklava, Perecop. The Crimea is divided into two parts by the 
River Salgar, which runs from west to east. (See note to Question 840.) 



76 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 



772. What three clusters of islands north and west of 
Scotland ? 

773. What two islands in the Irish Sea ? 

774. What channel south of Wales ? 

775. What channel south of England ? 

776. What is a channel ? 

Answer. A channel is a passage of water wider than 
a strait. 

777. What strait connects the English Channel with 
the North Sea, thus forming a communication be- 
tween the North Sea and the Atlantic Ocean ? 

778. The Severn is the largest river in England: 
where does it rise, and into what does it flow ? 

779. What is the capital of Grreat Britain, on what 
river is it situated, and how far from the sea ? 

Answer. About sixty miles from, the sea. (See maj) 
for remainder of the ansioer.) 

780. In what country is each of the following places ? 
(Mention also the rive?' or water, if any, and in 
iv hat part of the country.) 

Liverpool ? Kilkenny ? Eton ? 

London ? Cork ? Greenwich ? 

Birmingham ? Wexford ? Rochester ? 

Manchester ? Limerick ? Waterford ? 

Bristol ? Preston Pans ? Killarney ? 

Hull ? Leeds ? G-alway ? 

Newcastle 1 Wakefield ? Greenock ? 

Sunderland ? Sheffield ? Culloden ? 

Whitby ? Exeter ? Canterbury ? 

Whitehaven ? Norwich 1 Bath ? 

Falmouth ? Kidderminster ? Wells ? 

Dover ? Nottingham 1 Brighton ? 

Yarmouth? Leicester? Newmarket? 

Portsmouth ? Coventry ? Flodden ? 

Plymouth? Gloucester? Cardigan? 

Chatham? Worcester? St. Asaph? 

Londonderry ? Burton ? Radnor ? 

Belfast ? Oxford 1 Swansey ? 

Armagh ? Cambridge ? LlandafT? 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 77 

Edinburgh ? Glasgow ? St. Andrews ? 

Aberdeen ? Inverness ? Leith ? 

Falkirk ? Dundee ? Gretna Green ? 

Stirling? Montrose? Eddystone flight? 

Answer. The Eddystone Light is built on the Eddystone Rocks, 
in the English Channel off the coast of Cornwall, about fourteen 
miles southwest of Plymouth.* 

781. "What are the southern and southwestern extrem- 
ities of England called ? 

Answer. Land's End and Lizard Point. 

782. Into what do the following rivers flow ? 
Thames ? Mersey ? Cam ? 
Humber ? Dee ? Tyne ? 
Trent ? Avon ? Tees ? 
Ouse ? "Wash ? Severn ? 

783. "What separates England from Scotland? 
Answer. The river Tweed, Cheviot Hills, and Solway 

Frith. 

784. What is a frith? 
(See Question 26.) 

785. Of what river is the Frith of Forth the widen- 
ing? 

786. Between what friths is Edinburgh situated? 

787. How are the Friths of Forth and Clyde connected ? 
Answer. By a canal, called the Forth and Clyde Ca- 
nal. 

788. "What ocean and sea are thus connected by the 
Forth and Clyde Canal and the Friths of Forth and 
Clyde ? 

789. What other canal forms a communication, through 
Scotland, between the North Sea and the Atlantic 
Ocean ? 

790. What is meant by lochs in Scotland ? 

Answer. Lakes in Scotland are called lochs. The 
largest lake or loch in Scotland is Loch Lomond, which 
is one of the most beautiful lakes in Europe. Many of 
the lochs in Scotland are mere arms of the sea. 

* The light-house was built in 1759, of Portland stone, incased in gran- 
ite, and is about 100 feet high. It is furnished with 14 powerful lamps. 



VO GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 

[Loch Katrine, Katharine, or Cateran, celebrated in Sir Walter Scott's 
Lady of the Lake, lies five miles to the east of Loch Lomond.] 

791. What are the four provinces into which Ireland 
is divided ? 

Answer. Ulster, in the north ; Munster, in the south ; 
Leinster, in the east ; Connaught, in the west. 

792. What is the largest river of Ireland, and into 
what does it flow ? 

Ansiver. The Shannon, which flows into the . 

793. In what part of Ireland are the following places ? 
Dublin Bay ? Donegal Bay ? Lough Neagh ?* 
Dingle Bay? Cape Clear? Dublin? 
G-alway Bay? Cork? Lake of Killarney ? 

794. Which is the most indented by inlets and bays, 
England, Scotland, or Ireland? 

MAP OF FRANCE, GERMANY, BELGIUM, 
HOLLAND, SWITZERLAND, ETC. 

(Those places which can not be found on this map may be found on the 
map of Europe.) 

795. How is France bounded, and what is its capital ? 

796. What separates France from England ? 

797. What are the four largest rivers of France, and 
into what do they each flow ? 

Answer. The Seine, Loire, Garonne, and Rhone. (See 
map for remainder of the answer.) 

798. What mountains divide France from Spain, and 
what from Italy ? 

799. In what part of France is each of the following 
places ; and on what river or water, if any, is each 
situated ? 

Paris ? Lyons ? Nantes ? 

Rouen ? Marseilles ? Brest ? 

Havre de Grace ?f Bordeaux? Toulon? 

* Lough in Ireland is the same with loch in Scotland, and lake in En- 
gland ; but, like the term loch, it is frequently applied to an arm of the sea. 
(See answer to Question 24.) 

t This place, which is the sea-port of Paris, is generally called Havre 
only. 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIGNS. 79 

Rochefort ? Valenciennes ! Avignon ? 

L 'Orient? Cambray ? Montpelier? 

Cherbourg t Metz ? Nismes I 

Bayonne I Strasburg 1 Aix 1 

Rochelle I Rheims 1 Versailles ? 

Dunkirk 1 Amiens 1 Fontainebleau ? 

Boulogne 1 Orleans 1 Poitiers 1 

Dieppe 1 Tours 1 Agincourt ? 

Lille 1 Toulouse 1 Crecy ? 

800. "What is the chief commercial city of France, and 
how is it situated ? 

Answer. Marseilles. (See map for the situation.) 

[In 1852 the population of Marseilles was 142,000.] 

801. "What are the six largest rivers in Germany, and 
into what does each of them flow ? 

Answer. The Danube, Rhine, Elbe, Oder, "Weser, and 
Mayne. (See map for the remainder of the answer.) 

802. What is the extent of .Germany from north to 
south, and from east to west ? 

Answer. Germany extends from the Baltic Sea, on 
the north, to the Gulf of Venice, on the south ; and 
from the River Rhine, on the west, to the Oder, on the 
east. 

803. What countries does Germany comprise ? 

Answer. Germany comprises about one third of the empire of Aus- 
tria ; the greater part of Prussia ; Holstein and Lauenburg, belong- 
ing to the kingdom of Denmark ; Luxemburg, belonging to Holland ; 
the kingdoms of Bavaria, Saxony, Hanover, and Wurtemburg, with 
a number of smaller independent states ; and the four free cities, 
Hamburg, Lubeck, Bremen, and Frankfort. Hamburg, Lubeck, and 
Frankfort are called the Hanse Towns, or Free Cities.* 

804. What is the largest lake of Germany, and on the 
borders of what country is it ? 

Answer. Lake Constance. (See map.) 

* The word " hanse" signifies a society, and the Hanse Towns were cer- 
tain towns in Germany which associated for the protection of commerce 
as early as the 12th century. This confederacy was joined by commercial 
cities in Holland, England, France, Spain, and Italy, until the number 
amounted to seventy-two cities ; and for centuries this confederacy com- 
manded the respect and defied the power of kings. It has now ceased to 
exist, and its remnants, Lubeck, Hamburg> Bremen, and Frankfort, are 
called Free Cities. 



80 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 



805. "What are the principal states in the north, mid- 
dle, and south of Germany ? 

Answer. The principal states of Germany are — 
Prussia, Hanover, Mecklenburg, Oldenburg, in the north j 
Saxony, Hesse Cassel, Darmstadt, ) . ., .,,, 
Nassau, and Saxe Weimar, J ' 

Austria, Bavaria,. Wurtemburg, and Baden, in the south. 

806. What mountains traverse the southern part of 
Germany?, 

807. In which of the states of Grermany is each of the 
following places ? ( See Question 904, and also 
mention the river or water on which it is situated.) 



Dresden 1 Nuremberg 1 Halle ?f 

Leipsic ? Ratisbon ? Konigsberg ? 

Berlin 1 Munich ? Dantzic ? 

Frankfort?* Augsburg? Magdeburg? 

Lubeck ? Hohenlinden ? Pottsdam ? 

Hamburg ? Stuttgard ? "Wittenberg ? 

Bremen ? Weimar ? Lutzen ? 

Hanover ? Darmstadt ? Tilsit ? 

Osnaburg? Strelitz ? Gottingen? 

Wisbaden ? Aix-la-Chapelle ? Carlsruhe ? 

Coburg? Cologne? Heidelberg? 
Gotha ? 

808. How is the kingdom of Prussia divided ? 
Answer. Prussia is divided into two parts, called East 

Prussia and West Prussia. These two parts are sepa- 
rated by Hanover and several of the smaller German 
states. 

809. "Which is the larger division of Prussia, the east- 
ern or western division ? 

810. On both sidesof what river does western Prussia lie 1 

811. In which division of Prussia is each of the follow- 
ing places ? 

Berlin? Aix-la-Chapelle? Wittenberg? 

Cologne? Coblentz? Pottsdam? 

* There is a town in East Prussia of this name, on the Oder. The free 
city is on the Maine, a branch of the Rhine. 

f There are four towns of this name ; one in Lower Saxony, one in 
Suabia, one in Tyrol, and one in the Netherlands. The one in Saxony 
is the most important, as it is the seat of a famous university. 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 81 

Frankfort? Tilsit? Halle? 

Stettin? Breslau? Dusseldorf? 

Dantzic ? Magdeburg ? Bonn ? 

812. Into what does each of the following rivers flow ? 
Niemen? Vistula? Oder? Elbe? Rhine? Havel? 

813. "What do the Austrian dominions comprise ? 
Answer. 1. About a third part of Germany ; 2. Hun- 
gary, Transylvania, Dalmatia, Sclavonia, and Croatia ; 
3. Part of Poland, styled Gallicia ; 4. The Lombardo- 
Venetian kingdom, in the northeast of Italy. 

814. Of what do the Austrian dominions in Germany 
consist ? 

Answer. The Austrian dominions in Germany consist 
of the archduchy of Austria, Styria, Tyrol, Carinthia, 
Carniola, Bohemia, and Moravia. 

815. In which of the divisions of Austria are the fol- 
lowing places ? 

Prague ? Vienna ? Trieste ? 

Olmutz? Austerlitz? Tokay? 

Presburg ? Verona ? Cronstadt ? 

Buda ? "Wagram ? Idria ? 

Milan ? Pavia ? Gratz ? 

Venice ? Cremona ? Mantua ? 

Innspruck ? Padua ? Lodi ? 

Brunn ? Laybach ? 

816. "What ranges of mountains in Austria ? 

817. "What mountains in Hungary? 

818. Into what do the following rivers flow ? 
Danube ? Drave ? Save ? Theis ? Po ? Adige ? 

819. "What large river runs through Holland, and into 
what does it flow ? 

820. "What sea is sometimes called the German Ocean? 
(See note under Question 20.) 

-821. What is the name of that gulf or bay on which 
Amsterdam is situated ? 
Answer. The Zuyder Zee.* 

* The Zuyder Zee, or Zuider Zee, was formerly a lake, but by an in- 
undation in the thirteenth century it became united to the North Sea or 
German Ocean. 

D 2 



82 GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 

822. On what is Rotterdam situated ? 

823. What two countries were formerly united under 
the name of the Netherlands ? 

Answer. Holland and Belgium. 

824. "Which part of the Netherlands constitutes the 
kingdom of Holland, and which the kingdom of 
Belgium ? 

825. In which country are the following places ? 
Hague? Dort? Ostend? 
Amsterdam? Louvain? Helvoetsluys ? 
Rotterdam ? Brussels ? Utrecht ? 
Groningen ? Tournay ? Waterloo ? 
Zutphen ? Fontenay ? Harlem ? 
Antwerp ? Mechlin ? Liege ? 
Leyden? Ypres ? Spa? 
Ghent ? 

826. What are the three principal rivers of Holland 
and Belgium, and into what do they flow ? 

Answer. The Rhine, Meuse, and Scheldt. (See the 
map for the remainder of the answer.) 

827. What island northwest of the Zuyder Zee ? 

828. What countries northeast and south of Holland 
and Belgium ? 

829. Between what countries is Switzerland situated ? 

830. For what is Switzerland noted? 

Answer. Switzerland is noted as the most mountain- 
ous country in Europe ? 

831. What range of mountains in Switzerland? 

832. What lake on the northern border of Switzerland? 

833. What are some of the highest mountains of the 
Alps? 

Answer. Mont Blanc,* the highest in Europe ; Mount 
Rosa, Cervin, Jungfrau, Simplon, and St. Bernard. 

834. Where is the Vale of Chamouny ? 
Answer. Gn the north side of Mont Blanc. 

* Mont Blanc, or White Mountain, so called from the whiteness of its 
summit, which is always covered with snow, is in Savoy, and is 15,810 
feet in height. The word Blanc is French, and means White. 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 83 

835. Where is Mont Simplon? 

Answer. Between Switzerland and Piedmont. 

836. What large rivers of Europe rise in the mount- 
ains of Switzerland ? 

Answer. The Rhine, the Rhone, and the Inn, the head 
hranch of the Danube ? 

837. What are the lakes of Switzerland, and in what 
part of the country is each situated ? 

Answer. The lakes of Switzerland are Lakes Geneva, 
or Leman, Neufchatel, Lucerne, and Zurich. (See map 
for remainder of the answer.) 

838. What chain of mountains between Switzerland 
and France, and near what lake ? 

Answer. The chain of the Jura. (See map for remain- 
der of the answer.) 

839. What is the largest town in Switzerland ? 
Answer. Geneva. (See map.) 

840. On what lakes are Lausanne, Zurich, and Lu- 
cerne ? 

841. What are the glaciers and avalanches, frequently 
mentioned in Switzerland? 

Answer. The glaciers are fields or lakes of glittering 
ice and snow, extending sometimes fifteen or twenty 
miles ; avalanches are immense masses of snow and 
ice which sometimes fall from the mountains. 

842. What country lies south of Switzerland ? 

843. What are the principal divisions of Italy ? 
Answer. Italy contains the following states : 

Austrian Italy, or the Lombardo-Venetian kingdom, in 

the northeast ; 
The Sardinian territories in the northwest ; 
The States of the Church, "1 

The Grand Duchy of Tuscany,* I. , . , ,, 

The duchies of Parma and Modena, and [ ' 

The republic of St. Marino, J 

The kingdom of the Two Sicilies, consist- > . , , 

ing of Naples and the island of Sicily, $ in the S0 ■ ' 

• The duchy of Lucca was united to Tuscany in 1847. 



84 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 



844. "What does the kingdom of Sardinia, or the Sar- 
dinian territories, comprise ? 

Answer. Piedmont, Genoa, Savoy, and the island of 
Sardinia. 

845. What are the rivers of Italy ? 
Answer. The Po, Adige, Arno, and Tiber. 

846. What mountains extend through Italy ? 

847. What gulf east of Italy ? 

848. In what country, and on what water, if any, are 
the following places ? 
Rome ? Parma ? 
Naples ? 
Florence ? 
Piedmont ? 
Turin 1 
Genoa? 
Bologna ? 
Civita Vecchia ? 
Tivoli ? 
Palermo ? 
Messina ? 
Syracuse ? 

849. What gulf in the north part of the Gulf of Yen- 
ice? 

850. What sea on the south and southwest of Italy ? 

851. What are the principal islands of Italy, and in 
what water are they situated ? 

Answer. The principal islands of Italy are Sicily, Sar- 
dinia, Corsica, Elba, and the Lipari Islands. (See map.) 

852. What are the principal lakes of Italy ? 
Answer. Lakes Maggiore, Como, and Garda. 

853. What gulfs south of the north part of Italy? 

854. What gulf south of the southern part of Italy ? 



Leghorn 1 
Pisa? 
Catania? 
Pavia ? 
Mantua ? 
Placentia ? 
Verona ? 
Ravenna ? 
San Marino ? 
Ferrara ? 
Modena ? 



Padua ? 

Venice ? 

Ancona ? 

Milan ? 

Lucca ? 

Terni ? 

Cremona ? 

The volcanoes 
Mt. iEtna, 
Mt. Vesuvius, 
and Stromboli ? 



MAP OF ASIA. 

855. What countries does Asia include ? 
(See Question 13.) 

856. What oceans on the north, south, and east of Asia ? 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 85 

857. By what isthmus is Asia connected with Af- 
rica? 

858. What country embraces most of the north of Eu- 
rope and all the north of Asia ? 

Answer. Russia. 

859. What three seas east of Asia ? 

860. What peninsula east of the Sea of Ochotsk ? 

861. What channel connects the Sea of Japan with the 
Sea of Ochotsk ? 

862. What island is separated from Chinese Tartary 
by the channel of Tartary ? 

863. What islands south of the Sea of Japan, and which 
is the largest of the cluster ? 

864. What peninsula between the Yellow Sea and the 
Sea of Japan ? 

865. What peninsula south of the Burman empire ? 

866. What strait separates Malacca from Sumatra? 

867. What strait connects the Red Sea with the In- 
dian Ocean ? 

868. What strait separates Sumatra from Java ? 

869. What strait separates New Holland from Yan 
Diemen's Land? 

870. What strait separates Asia from America ? 

871. What strait separates Borneo from Celebes ? 

872. What strait separates New Holland from New 
Guinea ? 

873. What name is applied to that water which con- 
tains the large islands Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and 
Celebes, and the other clusters of islands near them ? 

(See answer to Question 704.) 

874. What two ranges of mountains in Asia, and in 
what country are they ? 

875. For what are the Himmaleh Mountains remark- 
able? 

Answer. The Himmaleh Mountains are remarkable 
for their height. They are the highest mountains in 
the world, some of them being more than twenty-five 
thousand feet, or five miles in height. 



86 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 



876. "What are some of the largest rivers in Asia ? 
Answer. The largest rivers of Asia are — 



dsei, > 
a, ) 



in the north 



in the east ; 



Cambodia, 

Irrawaddy, 

Brahmapootra, 

Ganges, 

Indus, 

Tigris, 



in the 
south ; 



Oby, 
Yenisei, 
Lena, 
Amour, 
Hoang Ho, 
Kiang Ku, 

877. In what country is each of the following rivers ; 
in what direction, and into what do they flow ? 
Oby? Hoang Ho? Cambodia? 
Yenisei ? Kiang Ku ? Irrawaddy ? 
Lena ? Amour ? Brahmapootra ? 
Ganges ? Indus ? Tigris ? 
Euphrates ? 

878. What seas and oceans in and around Asia ? 
Answer. The seas and oceans in and around Asia 

are — 
Mediterranean Sea, 
Black Sea, 
Sea of Azof, 
Caspian Sea, 
Red Sea, 
Arabian Sea, 
Bay or Sea of Bengal, 
Chinese Sea, 
Indian Ocean, 

879. "What countries in Asia extend farthest to the 
north, to the east, to the south, and to the west ? 

880. "What island south of Hindostan ? 

881. "What island south of Malacca ? 

882. "What peninsula forms the southern extremity of 
Asia? 

883. What gulfs are in and about Asia, and. where is 
each? 

Answer. The Persian Gulf, Gulf of Ormus, Gulf of 
Siam, Gulf of Tonquin, Gulf of Corea. (See map for re~ 
mainder of the ansiver.) 

884. What island southeast of Sumatra ? 



in the 
west; 



Yellow Sea, 
Sea of Japan, 
SeaofOchotsk, 
Sea of Anadir, 
Pacific Ocean 



!'J 



on the 

east. 



on the south 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 87 

885. "What two large islands north, and northeast of 
Java? 

886. What larsre island east of Celebes ? 

887. "What large island or continent south of New 
Gruinea ? 

888. What island south of New Holland? 

889. What name is applied to the south part of Asia, 
and the islands in that direction ? 

Answer. East Indies. 

890. What name is given to the clusters of islands in the 
Pacific Ocean lying chiefly to the southwest of Asia ? 

Answer. The islands in the Pacific Ocean are called 
hy the general name of Oceanica, and are divided into 
three classes, the Eastern Archipelago, or Asiatic Islands, 
Australia, and Polynesia. 

891. What clusters of islands constitute the Eastern 
Archipelago, or Asiatic Islands, sometimes called the 
East Indies ? 

Answer. The Sunda or Sumatra Islands, Borneo, the 
Philippine Islands, Celebes, and Moluccas. 

892. On what islands are the following places ? 
Bencoolen 1 Macassar ? Botany Bay ? 
Batavia ? Jeddo 1 Port Jackson ? 
Manilla ? Columbo 1 Melbourne ? 

893. Between what two large islands is the island of 
Banca, celebrated for its tin mines ? 

894. What is the largest island in the world except 
New Holland? 

Answer. Borneo is the largest island in the world ex- 
cept New Holland, which is considered as a continent 
rather than an island. 

BOUNDARIES OF THE COUNTRIES IN ASIA. 

895. Siberia, or Russian Asial 

N. by the Arctic Ocean ; E. by Behring's Strait, which sep- 

S. by Independent Tartary, arates it from America, and by 

Chinese empire, and Sea of the Pacific ; 

Ochotsk ; W. by the Ural Mountains. 

Capital, Tobolsk. [Population, 16,000.] 



88 GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 

896. Tartary] 

N. by Siberia ; E. by the Chinese Empire ; 

S. by Afghanistan and Persia ; W. by the Caspian Sea and Ural 

Mountains. 

897. Thibet! 

N. by the Chinese Empire ; E. by China ; 
S. by Hindostan and Farther W. by Hindostan. 
India ; 
Capital, Lassa. [Population about 27,000.] 

898. Arabia] 

N. by Turkey in Asia ; E. by Turkey, the Persian Gulf, 

S. by the Arabian Sea and and Gulf of Ormus ; 
Strait of Babelmandel ; W. by the Red Sea. 

Capital, Mecca. [Population, 30,000.] 

899. Persia] 

N. by Georgia,theCaspian Sea, E. by Afghanistan and Beloochis- 

and Independent Tartary ; tan ; 

S. by the Persian Gulf; "W. by Turkey in Asia. 

Capital, Teheran. 

[Population, 10,000 ; but during the winter it becomes a royal residence, 
with a population of 60,000.] 

900. Turkey in Asia ] 

N. by the Black Sea ; E. by Georgia and Persia ; 

S. by Arabia and the Mediter- W. by the Mediterranean and Bos- 
ranean ; phorus.* 

Capital, Constantinople, in European Turkey. 

[Population estimated to be 400,000.] 

901. Beloochistan] 

N. by Afghanistan ; E. by Hindostan ; 

S. by the Arabian Sea ; W. by Persia. 

Capital, Kelat. [Population, 12,000. 

Population of Beloochistan estimated at 480,000.] 

902. Afghanistan] 

N. by Independent Tartary ; E. by Hindostan ; 
S. by Beloochistan ; W. by Persia. 

Capital, Cabul. [Population about 60,000. 

Population of Afghanistan, 5,000,000.] 

903. Hindostan] 

N. by the Chinese Empire ; S. by the Indian Ocean ; 
E. by Farther India and the W. by the Arabian Sea, Beloochis- 
Bay of Bengal ; tan, and Afghanistan. 

Capital, Calcutta. 

[Population, 230,000. About 177,000 more from the suburbs daily vis- 
it the city.] 

904. Chin India, or Farther India ] 

N. by China and Hindo- E. by the Chinese Sea ; 

stan ; W. by Hindostan and the Bay of 

S. by the Indian Ocean ; Bengal. 

* The Bosphorus connects the Sea of Marmora with the Black Sea. 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 89 

Capital of Burmah, Ummerapoora or Amarapure. 
[Population about 175,000.*] 

905. China 1 

N. by Chinese Tartary ; E. by the Pacific ; 

S. by the Chinese Sea and Far- W. by Thibet and Farther India, 
ther India ; 
Capital, Pekin. 

[Population estimated at 2,000,000 ; of Nankin, 400,000 ; of Canton, 
1 ,000,000. Total population of China in 1845 was 368,000,000.] 

906. Corea? 

N. by Chinese Tartary ; E. by the Sea of Japan ; 

S. by the Pacific Ocean ; W. by the Yellow Sea. 

Capital, King-ki-tao. It is, however, subject to China. 

907. Japan] 

N., E., and S. by the Pa- W. by the Sea of Japan and the 
cific ; Channel of Tartary. 

Capital, Jeddo. 

[Population, 700,000 ; of the whole empire of Japan, estimated at from 
25,000,000 to 50,000,000.] 

908. "What are the two largest of the Philippine Isl- 
ands? 

909. Between what two large islands are the Moluccas, 
or Spice Islands ? 

Answer. Celebes and New Guinea. 

910. "What countries lie between the Black and Cas- 
pian Seas ? 

Answer. Georgia, Circassia, and Armenia. 

911. What lake or sea east of the Caspian Sea ? 

912. What lake in the southern part of Siberia ? 

913. What large island in the Arctic Ocean, northwest 
of Siberia ? 

914. What river and mountains separate Asia from 
Europe ? 

915. What cape forms the northern extremity of Asia ? 

916. In what country is each of the following places ? 
Mecca? Canton? Lassa ? 

Medina ? Calcutta ? Pekin ? 

Ispahan ? Cabul ? Bombay ? 

Teheran ? Samarcand ? Madras ? [ya ? 

Mocha? Aleppo? Malacca, or Mala- 

* The capital of Burmah has been changed to Ava > to Man.eh.oha, and 
back again to Amarapure. 



90 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 



Damascus ? 
Jerusalem ? 
Rangoon ? 
Siam ? 
Muscat ? 

Tauris, or Tabris 1 
Bushire ? 
Gombroon ? 
Cashmere ? 
Ceylon * 



Pondicherry ? Nankin ? 
Seringapatam ? Batavia ? 
Astrachan ? Manilla ? 

Tobolsk ? Bencoolen ? 

Delhi ? Botany Bay ? 

Surat ? Ummerapoora ? 

Bagdad ? Sydney ? 

Benares ? Port Jackson ? 

Goa ? Irkoutsk ? 

Kelat ? Bassorah ? 

917. What are the three great rivers of Hindostan ? 
Answer. The Ganges, the Brahmapootra, and the Indus. 

918. "What is meant by the terms Hither India and 
Farther India ? 

Answer. By Farther India is meant that part of India 
which lies beyond the Ganges. Hither India is the 
country lying nearer to Europe and America, on the 
hither side of the Ganges. 

919. "What is meant by the term India ? 

Answer. The name India was in ancient times ap- 
plied to the country east of the River Indus. At pres- 
ent it is applied only to the countries situated on or 
near the two large peninsulas east of the Arabian Sea 
and the Bay of Bengal. The name India is unknown 
to the inhabitants of the country. 

920. What is included in the term Australia, or Aus- 
tralasia? (See Question 15.) 

Answer. Under the general name of Australia, or Aus- 
tralasia, are included the large islands of New Holland, 
New Guinea, Van Diemen's Land, New Britain, New 
Ireland, New Caledonia, New Hebrides, New Zealand, 
and other small islands. 



MAP OF TURKEY, ARABIA, PERSIA, HINDO- 



STAN, EGYPT, 
ABYSSINIA, ETC. 



AFGHANISTAN, NUBIA 



[Most of the following questions may be answered from the maps of Asia 
and Africa.] 

921. What isthmus, between the Red and Mediterranean 
Seas, connects Asia with Africa ? 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 91 

922. In which is each of the following countries, in Asia, 
or in Africa, and in what part ? 

Turkey? Persia] Dongola] 

Arabia 1 Nubia ? Hindostan ] 

Sennaar] Abyssinia] Georgia] 

Afghanistan] Thibet] Independent Tartary] 

Egypt] Beloochistan] 

923. "What mountains between Thibet and Hindostan ? 

924. Where is the Delta ? 

Answer. The word Delta is the name of the fourth letter in the 
Greek alphabet, having the same sound with D in the English al- 
phabet. The shape of the letter is like a triangle. The name is ap- 
plied to any portion of land separated from the main land by a river 
which has two or more mouths. The River Nile, just before its en- 
trance into the Mediterranean, separates, and flows into the sea by 
several branches. The land between these branches is called the 
Delta, from its resembling in shape the Greek A (delta). 

925. What cities at the mouth of the Nile ? 

926. What part of Egypt is called Upper, and what part 
Lower Egypt ? 

(See Question 220.) 

927. What desert west of Egypt? 

928. What is a desert ? 

Answer. A desert is a tract of barren land, destitute of water and 
vegetation, and generally covered with loose sand. These sands, 
when agitated with the wind, rise in immense quantities, and some- 
times overwhelm and destroy large companies of travelers, with their 
beasts of burden, thus burying them alive in the wilderness. (See 
note to Question 1084.) 

929. What desert in Arabia? 

930. What desert south of Egypt ? 

931. What desert in Persia? 

932. Into what parts is Arabia divided? 

Answer. Arabia is divided into three parts : Arabia Petraea, or the 
Stony, in the northwest ; Arabia Deserta, or the Desert, in the mid- 
dle ; Arabia Felix, or the Happy, in the south. It is called the Hap- 
py, because it is the most fertile part of the country, and produces 
fruits and perfumes. 

933. What sea north of Turkey in Asia ? 

934. Between what seas is the Isthmus of Suez ? 

935. What strait leads the waters of the B,ed Sea into the 
Indian Ocean ? 

936. What countries lie between Turkey and the Caspian 
Sea ? 

937. What gulfs south of Persia? 



92 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 



938. What two rivers in the southeast part of Turkey in 
Asia? 

939. What island south of Hindostan ? 

940. In what country, and on what river or water 
of the following places? (See Question 1045. 
river, dfc, see the map.) 



is each 
For the 



Mocha ] 
Mecca ] 
Medina 1 
Tarsus ] 
Smyrna 1 
Angora ] 
Diarbekir 1 
Aleppo ] 
Damascus ] 
Bagdad] 
Acre] 

Mount Sinai"? 
Oman] 
Muscat ] 
Suez] 

Alexandria ] 
Rosetta] 
Damietta ] 



The Pyramids ] 
Thebes ] 
Gondar ] 
The Dead Sea] 
Teflis ] 
Teheran 1 
Ispahan ] 
Bushire ] 
Bukharia ] 
Samarcand ] 
Cabul ] 
Kelat ] 
Cashgar ] 
Cashmere 1 
Lahore ] 
Delhi] 
Nepaul ] 
Benares ] 



Allahabad] 

Juggernaut ] 

Madras ] 

Pondicherry ] 

Tanjore] 

Cape Comorin] 

Columbo ] 

Trincomalee ] 

Seringapatam 1 

Bombay ] 

Surat ] 

Lassa] 

Lake Dembea] 

Great Salt Desert 

Desert of Cobi ] 

Calcutta] 

Caucasian Mountains] 

Ghaut Mountains ] 



941. In what country are the following rivers, and into 
what do they flow ? 

Meinder ] Indus ] Nerbuddah ] 

Tigris 1 Ganges ] Godavery ] 

Euphrates ] Hoogly ] 

MAP OF AFRICA. 

942. What countries does Africa contain ? 

Answer. Africa contains the Barbary States and the 
French colony of Algeria, in the north; Egypt, Nubia, 
and Abyssinia, in the northeast ; Western Africa, South- 
ern Africa, Southeastern Africa, and the African Islands. 
(See Questions 14 and 1065.) 

943. How is Africa bounded ? 

944. What cape forms the southern extremity of Af- 
rica? 

945. What island east of the south part of Africa ? 

946. What are the north, south, east, and west capes 
of Africa ? 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 93 

947. What countries are included in the Barbary States ? 
Answer. Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, and Barca. 

948. Morocco, or Marocco, is bounded, 

N. by the Mediterranean'? E. by Algeria ; 

S. by the Desert of Sahara, or W. by the Atlantic Ocean. 
GreafDesert ; 
Capital, Marocco. 

[Population (estimated), 100,000.] 

949. Algeria, formerly Algiers, but now a French possession! 
N. by the Mediterranean ; E. by Tunis ; 

S. by the Great Desert ; W. by Marocco. 

Capital, Algeria. 

[Population, 30,000.] 

950. Tunis ! 

N. by the Mediterranean ; E. by the Mediterranean and Trip- 

S. by the Desert of Sahara ; W. by Algeria. [oli ; 

Capital, Tunis. 

[Population estimated from 100,000 to 150,000.] 

951. Tripoli 1 

N. by the Mediterranean ; E. by Barca ; 

S. by Fezzan ; W. by Tunis. 

Capital, Tripoli. 

[Population estimated at 15,000.] 
Barca and Fezzan are both dependencies of Tripoli. 

952. Barca 1 

N. by the Mediterranean ; E. by Egypt ; 

S. by the Desert of Lybia ; W. by Tripoli. 

[This region was formerly the seat of the Pentapolis, or five Grecian 
cities, Berenice, Arsinoe, Barca, Apollonia, and Cyrene, of which Bere- 
nice, now called Bengazi, is the only one retaining the least importance.] 

953. Fezzan! 

N. by Tripoli ; E., S., and W. by the Desert. 

Capital, Mourzouk. 

[Population estimated at 3500.] 

954. Egypt! 

N. by the Mediterranean ; E. by the Red Sea and Isthmus of 

S. by Nubia ; Suez, which connects Asia with 

W. by the Desert of Sahara ; Africa. 

Capital, Cairo. 

[Population, including suburbs, 250,000.] 

955. Nubia! 

N. by Egypt ; E. by the Red Sea ; 

S. by Abyssinia ; W. by Darfur and the Great Des- 

Capital, New Dongola, or Maraka. [ert. 

956. Abyssinia ! 

N. by Nubia and the Red Sea ; E. by Adel and the Strait of Babel- 

S. by the country of the Gal- mandel ; 

las, or East Africa ; W. by Nubia. 

Gondar is the principal place. Ankobar is the capital of the king- 
dom of Shoa, 



94 GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 

957. Soudan, or Nigritia, is a vast region of Central Africa, the limits 
of which are undefined. It is bounded, so far as it is known, 

N. by the Desert of Sahara ; E. by Kordofan ; 
S. by the parallel of 6° N. ; W. by Senegambia. 

958. Guinea 1 

N. and N.E. by Senegambia S. by Southern Africa ; 
and Nigritia ; W. by the Atlantic. 

The coasts of Guinea are called the Grain Coast, Ivory Coast, Gold 
Coast, Slave Coast, and the Calabar Coast. In the interior are the 
kingdoms of Ashantee, Dahomey, and Benin. In South Guinea are 
Loango, Congo, Angola, and Benguela. Sierra Leone, an English 
colony, and Liberia, a free republic, are on the northwest part of 
Guinea. 

959. Caffraria 1 

N. by Southern Africa ; E. and S. by the Indian Ocean ; 

W. by Cape Colony. 
Caffraria, or Kafraria, is now subject to Britain, and its limits are 
much smaller than they were on the old maps. 

960. What colony in the south part of Africa ? 

961. "Where is the country of the Hottentots ? 

962. What channel separates Madagascar from Af- 
rica? 

963. What country west of the Mozambique chan- 
nel? 

964. What are the principal rivers of Africa, and 
through what countries do they flow ? 

Answer. The principal rivers of Africa are the Nile, 
Niger, Senegal, Gambia, Congo, Orange, and Cuama. 
(See map for the countries through which they flow.) 

965. What are the principal islands of Africa, and to 
what country are they nearest ? 

Answer. Madagascar, Socotra, Mauritius, Bourbon, on 
the east; the Canaries, Madeira, Azores, Cape Verd, 
and St. Helena, on the west. (See map for the countries 
near them.) 

966. What are the principal mountains of Africa, and 
in what country are they ? 

'Answer. The Atlas Mountains, in the north ; Mountains of the 
Moon, Kong Mountains, in the central part ; Table Mountain, Peak 
of Teneriffe. (See map for the countries near them.) 

967. What is a remarkable natural feature of Africa ? 

Answer. Africa is remarkable for its deserts, of which Sahara, or 
the Great Desert, is the largest. 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 95 

968. "What is meant "by the terms Upper and Lower 
Egypt, and where is each ? ( See Question 220 for 
the meaning of the term.) 

Answer. TJ^per Egypt is south of Cairo ; Lower Egypt 
is between Cairo and the Mediterranean. 

969. In what part of Egypt is the Delta ? 
(See Question 1024.) 

970. In which division of Egypt is each of the follow- 
ing places ? ( See Question 1068.) 

Thebes ? Rosetta ? Shit ? 

Syene ? Damietta ? Suez ? 

Girge ? Cairo ? Aboukir ?* 

Alexandria ? The Delta ? The Pyramids ? 

971. By what river is Nubia watered ? 

972. "What are the two principal states, or kingdoms, 
of Nubia, and which is in the southern part ? 

Answer. Dongola and Sennaar. 

973. In what direction from Nubia and from the Hed 
Sea is Abyssinia ? 

974. On what lake is Grondar, the chief town of Abys. 
sinia ? 

Answer. Lake Dembea. 

975. What mountains in the Barbary States ? 

976. Which is the largest of the Barbary States ? 

977. Where is the Desert of Sahara, and what is its 
size? 

Answer. The Desert of Sahara is two thousand miles 
long and one thousand miles broad. (See map.) 

978. What countries does Western Africa comprise ? 
Answer. Western Africa comprehends all the coun- 
tries between Benguela and the Desert of Sahara, and 
consists of the following countries : Senegambia, in the 
north ; Guinea, in the middle ; Loango, Congo, Angola, 
and Benguela, in the south. 

* The town of Aboukir is famous in history for a celebrated battle 
fought by Lord Nelson (August 1st, 1798) in its harbor, in which he took 
nine French ships of the line, and destroyed two others. It was in this 
battle that the ship L'Orient was blown up, with its commander, Captain 
Casabianca, a name celebrated by a poem with that title. 



96 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 



979. What countries are embraced in Central Africa ? 
Answer. Central Africa is but little known. Soudan, or 

Nigritia, which is south of Sahara, contains the kingdoms 
of Timbuctoo, Houssa, Bambarra, Kassina, and Bornou. 

980. "What does Southern Africa contain ? 

Answer. Southern Africa contains CafFraria, the land 
of the Hottentots, and the English settlement of Cape 
Colony, 

981. What does Southeastern Africa contain? 
Answer. Southeastern Africa contains Sofala, Monomo- 

topa, Mozambique, Zanguebar, Magadoxa, Adel, and 
Ajan. 

982. What are the principal islands on the eastern 
coast of Africa, and in what water are they ? 

Answer. The principal islands of Africa are Madagas- 
car, Socotra, Zanzibar, Comoro, Bourbon, and Mauritius. 

983. What islands on the west of Africa, and in what 
water are they ? 

Answer. The Madeira Isles, Azores, Cape Verd, Ca- 
naries, and St. Helena. 

984. In what country or island, and on what river or 
water, is each of the following places ? 



Cairo ? 
Dongola ? 
Sennaar ? 
Alexandria ? 
Rosetta ? 
Damietta ? 
The Pyramids ; 
Teembo ? 
Abomey ? 
Sierra Leone ? 
Liberia ? 
Barca ? 
Houssa ? 



Benin ? 
Fezzan? 
Monrovia ? 
Bambarra ? 
Atlas Mountains ? 
Gondar ? 
Morocco ? 
Fez? 
Tripoli ? 
Mogadore ? 
Tangier ? 
Kassina ? 
Lattakoo ? 



Kurrechane ? 
Cape Town ? 
Teneriffe ? 
Tafilet ? 
Sallee ? 
Mequinez ? 
Derne ? 
Bingazi ? 
Ceuta ? 
Constantina ? 
Tunis ? 

Sahara? (desert*) 
Bornou ? 



* The Desert of Sahara is nearly 2000 miles long, and nearly 1000 miles 
from north to south. An oasis, as has already been explained, is a small 
tract of fertile land in the midst of a desert, where travelers stop for re- 
freshment, especially for water. When the springs fail, the caravans per- 
ish. In 1798, a caravan from Morocco, consisting of 2000 persons and 
1800 camels, perished in this desert. 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 



97 



The Delta ? 
Timbuctoo ? 
Thebes ? 
Syene ? 



Axum ? 
Melinda ? 
Mourzouk ? 
Peak of TenerifFe ? 



Table Mountain ? 
Mountains of the 
Moon? 



OF THE INHABITANTS OF THE SEVERAL 
COUNTRIES MENTIONED IN THE PRE- 
CEDING QUESTIONS. 

985. "What are the inhabitants of the following coun- 
tries called, and what language do they speak ? 



Country. 

"United States? 


Inhabitants. 

Americans. 


Language, 

English. 


Mexico ? 
Chili ? 


Mexicans. 
Chilians. 


Spanish. 


Peru? 


Peruvians. 


c: 


Brazil ? 
Norway? 
Sweden ? 


Brazilians. 

Norwegians. 

Swedes. 


Portuguese. 

Danish. 

Swedish. 


Switzerland? 


Swiss. 


German and French. 


France ? 


French. 


French. 


Spain ? 
Portugal ? 


Spaniards. 
Portuguese. 


Spanish. 
Portuguese. 


Italy? 


Italians. 


Italian. 


Holland ? 


Dutch. " 


Dutch. 


Belgium ? 
Germany ? 
England ? 
Scotland ? 


Belgians. 
Germans. 
English. 
Scotch. 


German. 

a 

English. 

" and Gaelic. 


Ireland ? 


Irish. 


" and Irish. 


Wales ? 


Welsh. 


and Welsh. 


China ? 


Chinese. 


Chinese. 


Turkey? 


Turks. 


Turkish. 


Arabia ? 


Arabians. 


Arabic and Turkish. 


Genoa ? 


Genoese. 


Italian. 



GOVERNMENTS. 

986. Different nations have different forms of govern- 
ment, of which there are two different kinds, called hered- 
itary and elective. 

E 



98 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 



987. An hereditary government is one in which the su- 
preme authority descends from father to son, or, if there 
be no son, to the next nearest relative. Such is the gov- 
ernment of England, Spain, Portugal, &c. 

988. An elective government is one in which the head 
of the government is elected by the people, or by elect- 
ors chosen by the people. Such is the government of the 
United States. 

989. Again, governments are divided into absolute and 
limited. An absolute government is one in which the 
will of the sovereign is the law of the land, and he is un- 
restrained by a written Constitution or by other laws. 
Such is the government of Turkey and Russia. 

990. A limited government is one in which the power 
of the sovereign or supreme magistrate is restrained by a 
written Constitution, laws, or fixed principles. Such is 
the government of England and the United States. 

991. Another distinction in government is founded on 
the tenure by which the head of the government holds 
his office. If the head of the government retain his office 
during his life, he is called a king, an emperor, prince, 
grand duke, sultan, &c. If he be chosen for a limited pe- 
riod, he is called a president or director, &c. 

992. The following Table presents the form of government, the title 
of the chief magistrate, and the religion of the principal nations of the 
world. 

[The letters C.,P.,and G. designate respectively the Catholic, Prot- 
estant, and Greek denominations of Christianity.'] 



United States of ) 
America \ 


Limited. 


Elective. 


President. 


Christian. 


England, including " 










Scotland, Ireland, 












British America, 












and the British 


> 


Limited. 


Hereditary. 


King or Queen. 


Christian. 


Possessions in va- 












rious parts of the 










„ 


world j 












Russia 


Absolute. 


Hereditary. 


CzarorEmper- 


Christian. 


France 


Limited. 


Hereditary. 


Emperor. [or. 


Christian. 


Spain 


Limited. 


Hereditary. 


King or Queen. 


Christian. 


Portugal 


Limited. 


Hereditary. 


King or Queen. 


Christian. 


Sweden and Norway . 


Limited. 


Hereditary. 


King. 


Christian. 


Denmark 


Limited.* 


Hereditary. 


King. 


Christian. 


Prussia 




Limited. 


Hereditary. 


King. 


P. & C. Christian. 



* Denmark was an absolute monarchy previous to the year 1834, with 
the exception of the Duchy of Lauenburg. 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 



99 



Austria 

Germany is a mere" 
confederation of a 
large number of 
states, governed 
by sovereigns of 
different names, 
as grand dukes, 
dukes, electors, 
landgraves, pala- 
tines, &c, with 
Austria and Prus- 
sia as the leading 
powers 

Switzerland 

Italy is also divided in- 
to a number of polit- 
ical divisions mostly 
subject to Austria. 

States of the Church. . 

Sardinia 

Two Sicilies 

Tuscany (including ) 
Lucca) j 

Greece 

Turkey (including "| 
Turkey in Asia), i 
or the Ottoman j 
Empire J 



Absolute. Hereditary. 



Limited & Elective. 



Limited & Elective. 
Limited & Hereditary. 
Limited & Elective. 

Limited & Hereditary. 

Limited & Hereditary. 

Absolute & Hereditary. 



Directory. 



Pope. 
King- 
King. 

Grand Duke. 

King. 

Sultan, Emper- 
or, or Grand 
Seignor. 



C. Christian. 



P. & C. Christian. 



C. & P. Christian. 



C. Christian. 
C. Christian. 
C. Christian. 

C. Christian. 

G. Christian. 

Mohammedan. 



Most of the countries in Asia and Africa, as well as the islands of 
the Pacific Ocean, not colonized by Europeans, are under an absolute 
government, and are generally either of the Mohammedan or Pagan 
religion. Their sovereign princes are called emperors, as in China 
and Japan ; pacha, as in Egypt ; shah, as in Persia ; kings, as among 
many of the African nations ; chiefs, &c. 



THE HUMAN SPECIES. 

993. Mankind consists of two great classes, the White and the Black. 
There are also intermediate varieties of color, which has given rise to 
the. following divisions, called by geographers Races, namely, the Cau- 
casian, or White Race ; the Mongolian, Tawny, or Olive Race ; the 
Malay, or Dark Brown Race ; the Ethiopian, Negro, or Black Race ; 
and the Copper, or Red Race. 

994. The Caucasian Race includes most of the Europeans, the Cir- 
cassians, Georgians, Arabians, Turks, Persians, and Hindoos. 

995. The Mongolian, or Olive Race, includes the Chinese, and many 
of the eastern and southern parts of Asia. 

996. The Malay, or Dark Brown Race, occupies the peninsula of Ma- 
laya (or Malacca), and the islands of the Pacific Ocean. 

997. The Ethiopian, or Black Race, includes the Negroes of Africa 
and their descendants in all parts of the world (including the slaves 
in the United States), the Hottentots, Caffres, and the blacks of Aus- 
tralia. 

998. The Copper-colored, or Red Race, comprises the Indians of 
America. 



100 GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 

[Mulattoes and Mestizoes are mixtures of the races, the former having 
one parent white and the other black, and the latter having one parent 
white and the other of the red race. Creoles are natives of Spanish Amer- 
ica or the West Indies, descended from European ancestors.] 

To this account of the different races of mankind it may be added, 
that the most civilized and enlightened countries of the world are those 
which are inhabited by the descendants of the Caucasian or whit*; race. 
Among them, the arts and sciences flourish most vigorously, knowledge 
is most widely diffused, and religion wears its most rational form, di- 
vested of bigotry and superstition. Among the most enlightened na- 
tions are the inhabitants of the United States, and of Great Britain, 
France, Germany, Prussia, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, and generally 
those nations in which the Christian religion prevails. 

Next in order follow the countries where the Mohammedan religion 
is prevalent, and lowest in the scale stand those nations that worship 
the sun, the moon, idols, or other objects of similar nature. 

METALS, PRODUCTIONS, ETC. 

999. Iron, the most useful of all the metals, is the most widely dif- 
fused. It is found in almost every country in the world ; but it is al- 
ways most valuable when found in the vicinity of coal mines, because 
the coal is needed to reduce the iron ore to pure metal. The best iron 
is from Sweden and Russia. 

1000. Coal is of two kinds, the bituminous, or soft coal, and the an- 
thracite, or hard kind. Bituminous coal is found in vast quantities in 
Newcastle, Durham, Northumberland, Whitehaven, and other places in 
England, and also in the British provinces in North America. An- 
thracite and bituminous coal abounds in Pennsylvania, Virginia, Ohio, 
and the western states generally. Anthracite is most abundant in 
Pennsylvania. Coal is also found in almost all the countries of the 
world, and is almost as widely diffused as iron. 

1001. Gold and silver, otherwise called the precious metals, are 
found in small quantities in various parts of the earth, but in the 
greatest abundance in Mexico, Peru, California, and Australia. Pla- 
tinum (or platina), the heaviest of all known substances, a metal about 
one quarter of the value of gold, is found in Siberia, Peru, and Brazil, 
and is used in Russia for coinage. The value of pure gold is about 
$18 an ounce, of platinum about $5, and of silver $1 25 an ounce. 

1002. Mercury, or quicksilver, is from Austria, Spain, Italy, East In- 
dies, Brazil, and Peru. 

1003. Copper is found in great abundance in Cornwall, Devonshire, 
Wales, and Anglesea, in England. It is also found in Sweden, Rus- 
sia, Persia, Japan, China, Chili, and other countries. It has also lately 
been found in great abundance in the United States in the vicinity of 
Lake Superior. The copper of Japan is of a purer and more valuable 
kind than that from any other part of the world. 

[See M'Culloctis Com. Die, Art. Copper.] 

1004. Zinc, spelter, or tutenag, came originally from China. It has 
since been found abundantly in England, Scotland, Saxony, Austria, 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 101 

and in the United States, particularly in Missouri. It is a very useful 
metal, on account of the facility with which it unites with copper to 
form brass and other compounds. 

1005. Lead is found in large quantities in England and the United 
States, particularly Missouri. 

1006. Sponge. The best kind is from Turkey and the Mediterranean. 
An inferior kind comes from the Bahama Islands. 

1007. Tea is the produce of China. 

1008. Coffee is from Batavia, on the island of Java, from Africa, 
and the West India Islands. 

1009. Sugar is from the East and West Indies, and from the South- 
ern States, particularly Louisiana. 

1010. Cotton is produced in the Southern States, particularly in Al- 
abama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. It is also imported from the East 
Indies. 

1011. Tobacco is raised in immense quantities in the Southern and 
Southwestern States, particularly in Virginia, Louisiana, and Ken- 
tucky, and other states in their vicinity. A superior kind is from Ha- 
vana, in the island of Cuba, and an inferior kind from the East Indies. 

1012. Rice is from the Southern States, particularly South Carolina, 
which produces the best kind of rice. It grows abundantly in the East 
and West Indies, and many other tropical countries, and it is more 
generally used for food than any other kind of grain. 

1013. Spices (including cinnamon, cassia, nutmegs, mace, cloves, 
ginger, pimento or allspice) are principally from the East Indies and 
Guiana. Cinnamon is found only in Ceylon and Cochin China. Cas- 
sia, resembling cinnamon, is found in China and Borneo. Nutmegs 
of the best kind are from the Moluccas, or Spice Islands. Mace is 
from the nutmeg-tree. Cloves, originally from the Moluccas, have 
been transplanted in Guiana. Ginger is from China, the East and West 
Indies. Allspice is from the West Indies. Pepper (black) is from 
the East Indies, particularly Java, Ceylon, and Sumatra. Red pepper 
is from Cayenne, in Guiana, and hence its name. 

1014. Silk is from China, Hindostan, and other Eastern countries. 
It is also produced in Spain, the Barbary States, and Turkey. 

1015. Almonds grow only in warm countries. They are produced 
in Spain, the Barbary States, and Turkey. 

1016. Raisins are dried grapes. They are produced in Turkey, 
Spain, Portugal, and other warm countries, particularly in the vicinity 
of the Mediterranean. Sultana raisins (or raisins without stones) are 
from the Ionian Islands. 

1017. Figs come from Turkey, Greece, Spain, France, Italy, and 
Northern Africa. 

1018. Currants. The small seedless raisins are from Zante, one of 
the Ionian Islands. 

1019. Oranges grow in great abundance in all warm countries, par- 
ticularly in the West Indies, Sicily, Spain, &c. Also in Florida and 
other Southern States. 



102 GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 

1020. Lemons are from the West Indies, Spain, Portugal, France, 
Italy, Florida, and other warm countries. 

1021. Mahogany. The best is from St. Domingo, and other West 
India islands. An inferior kind is from Honduras. 

1022. Molasses is from the West Indies and New Orleans. The 
best kind, called the Sugar-house, comes from those places where su- 
gar is refined. 

1023. Wine, made from grapes, comes from France, Germany, Spain, 
Portugal, and the Madeira Islands. It is also made in many of the 
Western States. 

1024. Wheat and flour are produced in the states of Maryland, Vir- 
ginia, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio and others of the Southern and 
Western States. 

1 1025. Indian Corn, or Maize, is raised in all the Northern, Middle, 

and Southern States. 

. 1026. Camphor is from China, Japan, and the East Indies. 

'"' 1027. Chocolate is manufactured from cocoa, raised in Mexico, South 

America, and the West Indies. 

1028. Cork comes from Portugal, Spain, and other countries in the 
south of Europe. 

1029. Diamonds are from Golconda, in Hindostan, Borneo, Mexico, 
and Brazil. 

1030. Flax, from which linen is produced, grows easily in most coun- 
tries. Most of the best linen is from Ireland, France, and Italy. 

1031. India Rubber, or Caoutchouc, is from Guiana and other parts 
of South America, and particularly Brazil. 

1032. Ivory is from Africa and the southern countries of Asia. 

1033. Olives are from Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, and other warm 
countries. • 

1034. Pineapples are principally from the West India islands. They 
grow only in warm countries. 

1035. Prunes are principally from the south of France. 

1036. Hardware, comprising all articles made of steel, iron, or brass, 
&c, used to be imported principally from England. Nails, screws, 
locks, bolts, &c, were from Birmingham ; knives, scissors, razors, 
swords, and cutting instruments, called cutlery, from Sheffield ; pins, 
from Gloucester. Most of these articles, and many of them of better 
quality, are now manufactured in the New England States, particularly 
in Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island. 

The cotton goods of Manchester, in England, the woolen goods of 
Leeds, Wakefield, ExeteT, and Norwich, the carpets of Kidderminster, 
Wilton, and other English towns, the stockings of Nottingham and 
Leicester, the pins of Gloucester, have been in a great measure sup- 
planted by the manufacturers of the Eastern and Middle States.* 

* The woolen manufactures of Massachusetts alone, in the year 1850, 
amounted to more than twelve and a half millions of dollars. The cotton 
manufactures of the same state amounted to over nineteen and a half mill- 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 103 

1037. Fish. The fisheries of the United States amounted, in 1850, 
to ten millions of dollars. Vessels in large numbers, employing more 
than twenty thousand men, were employed to obtain oil and whalebone 
from whales, in the Pacific ; codfish from the Banks of Newfound- 
land and the shores along the coast ; mackerel, herring, white-fish, tur- 
tle, oysters, &c. In the fisheries, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and 
Maine are most extensively engaged. 

Animals. To this account of the most useful productions of the 
earth, it may be added that the most useful animals are found in the 
greatest abundance in the temperate regions of the earth. The horse, 
the ox (or animals of the cow kind), the sheep, abound in these regions, 
and thrive better than in very cold or extremely hot climates. Animals 
of a ferocious kind, as the lion, the tiger, and other large animals of 
the cat kind, are found in warm climates. The elephant and the camel 
are likewise natives of warm climates. The bear, and the wolf, and 
animals in general having long and thick fur, are found principally in 
cold countries. The crocodile, the alligator, and large and venomous 
serpents, as well as the largest and most poisonous insects and rep- 
tiles, are natives of hot climates. 

OF LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE. 

1038. What is the shape of the earth? 

Answer. The shape of the earth is round, like a ball. Bodies that 
are round in all directions, like a ball, are called spheres, or spherical 
bodies. Bodies that are round, like a wheel, in only one direction, 
are called circular bodies. The earth, being round (or nearly so) in 
all directions, is called a sphere, or spherical body. 

1039. "What is meant by the axis of the earth? 

Answer. A straight line passing through the centre of the earth, 
from north to south, is called the axis of the earth ; and the extrem- 
ities of the axis are called the poles of the earth. The northern end 
is called the north pole, and the southern end is called the south 
pole. There is, in reality, no such thing as an axis of the earth, but 
it is only an imaginary line supposed to pass through the earth, 
around which it seems to turn, w ~~" 

1040. What is the equator ? %. 

Answer. The equator is an imaginary line passing around the earth 
from east to west, being in all its parts at an equal distance from the 
poles. As this line is supposed to pass wholly around the earth, it 
is in reality a circle. - It is sometimes called the equinoctial line, and 
sometimes simply the line. r i 

1041. What is latitude? 

Ansxoer. Latitude is the distance from the equator toward the 

ions. The value of the cotton before it was manufactured, which was 
obtained from the Southern and Southwestern States, was over eleven 
millions of dollars. The manufactures of pig, wrought, and cast iron, in 
Pennsylvania, the same year, amounted to over twenty millions of dollars, 
and in New York to nearly eleven millions of dollars. 



104 GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 

poles. Distance from the equator toward the north pole is called 
north latitude ; distance from the equator toward the south pole is- 
called south latitude. 

1042. What is longitude ? 

Ansicer. Longitude is distance east or west from some well known 
place. Distance east is called east longitude, distance west is. called 
west longitude. 

1043. What is the use of latitude and longitude I 
Ansiver. The use of latitude and longitude is to enable us to find; 

any place on the earth when we do not know the country or water 
in which it is situated. 

1044. How are latitude and longitude measured? 
Answer. Latitude and longitude are both measured on circles sur- 
rounding the earth. These circles, like all other circles, are divided 
into three hundred and sixty equal parts, called degrees, and each 
degree is divided into sixty equal parts, called minutes ; the minutes; 
are also subdivided into sixty equal parts, called seconds. 

1045. When the equator is not represented on the map 
(as in the map of Europe, for instance), how can you tell 
whether the latitude is north or south ? 

Answer. By noticing in what manner the figures on the sides of 
the map, representing the latitude, increase. If the figures increase 
toward the north (or the upper part of the map), it is north latitude. 
If they increase toward the south (or the lower part of the map), it 
is south latitude.. In like manner, when the figures representing the 
longitude increase toward the east (or the right hand), it is east lon- 
gitude ; if they increase toward the west (or left side of the map), 
the longitude is west. 

1046. What are the circles called on which latitude is 
measured 1 

Answer. The circles on which latitude is measured are called me- 
ridians.. They cross the equator on both sides of the earth, and pass 
through the poles directly around the earth. They are called merid- 
ians from a Latin word signifying midday, because when the sun is- 
directly over any one of them, it is midday, or twelve o'clock at noon, 
to all places through which that meridian passes. On the map of 
the world these meridians are represented by the lines drawn from 
the north to the south pole. These lines, it must be remembered, 
are all of them circles, although some of them appear on the map to 
be straight lines. For the sake of convenience, latitude Is expressed 
on the outermost of these circles on the map of the world, and on 
the other maps on the east and west edge of the maps. The merid- 
ians are sometimes called meridional lines ; and as every place has 
a meridian or meridional line, the number of them may be increased 
on the map at pleasure. The meridians are sometimes called north 
and south lines, because they run directly north and south. 

1047. What are the circles called on which longitude is 
measured I 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 105 

Answer. Longitude is generally measured on the equator, or on 
one of the circles parallel to the equator. These circles are called 
parallels of latitude, because all places, on any one of them, have the 
same latitude. As the circles representing the parallels of latitude 
decrease in size as they approach the poles, the degrees of longitude, 
which are parts of these circles, also decrease in size toward the north 
and south. At the equator, the degrees of latitude and longitude are 
nearly equal to one another ;* but at any distance north or south 
of the equator, the degrees of longitude are shorter than the degrees 
of latitude, because they are parts of a smaller circle. 

1048. What is the greatest latitude a place can have 1 
Answer. Latitude is the distance from the equator to the poles ; 

and as this distance from the equator to the poles is just one quarter 
of a great circle surrounding the earth, and this circle is divided into 
three hundred and sixty parts, called degrees, latitude can never be 
more than a quarter of the circle, or a quarter of three hundred and 
sixty degrees, which is ninety degrees. Latitude, therefore, can 
never exceed ninety degrees. There are therefore ninety degrees 
of north latitude, and ninety degrees of south latitude. 

1049. "What is the greatest longitude a place can have 1 
Answer. Longitude is reckoned on a circle surrounding the earth, 

and is measured both toward the east and the west. This circle is 
also divided into three hundred and sixty degrees, one half of which 
(namely, one hundred and eighty degrees) is numbered toward the 
east, and the other half toward the west. Longitude, therefore, can 
never exceed one hundred and eighty degrees. If we measure one 
half of a circle toward the east, and the other half toward the west, 
the numbers, as they increase both toward the east and the west, 
will meet at the one hundred and eightieth degree ; therefore the 
one hundred and eightieth degree of east longitude will be the same 
as the one hundred and eightieth degree of west longitude. 

1050. From what place is longitude generally computed ? 
Answer. Longitude is computed by different nations from differ- 
ent points — generally from the capital of their respective countries. 
In our maps it is computed both from Washington and Greenwich.! 
The longitude from Washington is given at the top of some maps, 

* The degrees of latitude and longitude at the equator are not exactly 
equal to one another, on account of the spheroidal form of the earth, the 
equatorial diameter being about thirty-four miles longer than the polar di- 
ameter. 

f Greenwich is a large town about five miles east of London. There 
is in Greenwich a royal observatory, where astronomical and geographical 
calculations are made, and the longitude for English navigators is com- 
puted from this place. As Greenwich is very near London, the most noted 
city in the world, the longitude computed from Greenwich is generally 
called the longitude from London ; but the longitude from London is about 
rive minutes, or what is the same thing, five miles, west of that from 
Greenwich. In many atlases, the longitude on the map of the world is 
represented as the " longitude from London,'''' while in other maps it is ex- 
pressed as the " longitude from Greenwich" 

E 2 



106 GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 

and the longitude from London or Greenwich at the bottom. In oth- 
er maps this order is reversed, and the longitude from London is giv- 
en at the top, while that from Washington is at the bottom of the 
map. As more frequent use is made of the calculations from Green- 
wich, the longitude should generally be given from Greenwich. 

1051. What is the latitude of the following places 1 

[N.B. — In mentioning the latitude of a place, always remember to 
say whether it is north or south.] 

Boston ? Copenhagen ? Rostak ? 

London] Moscow? Medina? 

Washington ? Mexico ? Borneo ? 

Madrid? Havana? Cape Horn? 

Paris ? Celebes ? Sumatra ? 

Constantinople ? Canton ? Good Hope ? ) 

St. Petersburg? Calcutta? St.Roque? f ca P es - 

[The pupil may refer either to the map of the world, or to the map 
of the country in which the place is situated, in order to find the lati- 
tude, etc.] 

1052. What is the longitude of the following places? 

[In mentioning the longitude, always remember to say whether it is 
east or west. 

New York ? Rome ? Nankin ? 

Boston ? Constantinople ? Calcutta ? 

Mexico? Berlin? Cape Horn? 

Washington ? Pekin ? Cape of Good Hope ? 

Paris? Philadelphia? Madrid? 

1053. Between what degrees of latitude and longitude 
does each of the grand divisions of the earth lie ? 

Answer , North America, 8 and 80 north, 20 and 160 west. 

South America, 12 north and 56 south, 35 and 80 west. 

Europe, 35 and 75 north, 10 west and 60 east. 

Asia, 1 and 75 north, 30 and 180 east. 

Africa, 35 north and 36 south, 20 west and 50 east. 

New Holland, 10 and 36 south, 110 and 150 east. 

1054. What is the latitude and longitude of the following 
places ? 

Pekin ? Paris ? Philadelphia ? 

Boston? Rome? St. Louis? 

Nankin? Constantinople? New Orleans? 

Cape Horn? Madrid? Cincinnati? 

Lima ? Lisbon ? Genoa ? 

Rio Janeiro? Algiers? Cairo? 

Mexico? Berlin? St. Helena? 

New York? Canton? Sandwich Islands ? 

Washington? Calcutta? Greenland? 

London? Baltimore? Cape of Good Hope? 

Montreal ? Peru ? 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 107 

1055. What places are situated in the following degrees 
of latitude and longitude ? 

Thirty-one north, thirty-six east 1 ? 

Twenty-three north, one hundred and thirteen east 1 

Thirty-three north, seventy-nine west 1 

Fifty-one north, eight west 1 

Fifty- six north, four west 1 

Twelve south, seventy-six west 1 

Forty north, eight west ! 

No latitude, seventy-eight west 1 

1056. Of what use is the knowledge of the latitude of a 
place, besides enabling us to find the place 1 

Answer. The knowledge of the latitude of a place enables us to 
determine very nearly the temperature of the climate.* The nearer 
a place is to the equator, the hotter is the climate ; and the nearer a 
place is to the poles, the colder is the climate. But when a place is sit- 
uated on a high mountain, or any situation much above the level of the 
. sea, the climate will be temperate, although it is near the equator. 

* The temperature of any place, and consequently the climate of that 
place, depend in great measure on the manner in which the sun shines on 
the place. Owing to the inclination of the earth's axis to the plane of its 
orbit, the sun shines on each successive day in a different maimer on ev- 
ery place on the surface of the earth ; and those places are the hottest where 
the sun, at twelve o'clock, shines most directly overhead. 

But the sun never shines directly overhead in any place which is more 
than twenty-three and a half degrees north or south of the equator; but it 
always shines directly overhead in some places within twenty-three and a 
half degrees north or south of the equator. Consequently, those places 
must be the hottest, or have the warmest climate, which are nearest to the 
places where the sun shines directly overhead. 

When the sun shines directly overhead, the rays are said to be vertical, 
or to fall vertically on the earth. On the 21st of March, the sun's rays are 
vertical at the equator, and it is then hottest at the equator. On every 
successive day they become vertical to places a little north of the equator, 
till they reach the latitude ot twenty-three and a half degrees north, when 
they return backward in the same manner, till, on the 23d of September, 
they again reach the equator, from which they proceed in a southerly di- 
rection until they reach twenty -three and a half degrees of south latitude, 
when they again turn back to the equator. (See note, page 108.) 

This apparent motion of the vertical rays of the sun is caused by the 
motion of the earth in its orbit ; and the same cause produces the varia- 
tion of the seasons, and the difference in the length of the days and nights. 

When the sun's rays are not vertical, they are oblique, and appear to 
come from a point a little north or south of the point directly overhead. 
All places north of twenty-three and a half degrees of north latitude see 
the sun toward the south at twelve o'clock ; and all places south of twen- 
ty-three and a half degrees see the sun toward the north at the same hour. 
Consequently, all shadows at twelve o'clock are cast toward the north in 
north latitude, and toward the south in south latitude, except between the 
tropics ; but, between the tropics, during one half of the year, shadows are 
cast toward the north, and during the other half of the year they are cast 
toward the south. When the sun is vertical at any place, no shadows 
will be cast at twelve o'clock. 



108 GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 

1057. What is meant "by zones ? 

Ansiccr. The literal meaning of the word zone is a girdle ; but, in 
geography, the term zone is used to express certain divisions of the 
earth's surface, made with respect to the climate, or the degree of 
heat and cold. 

1058. How many zones are there, and what are they called ? 
Answer. There are five zones, namely, the Torrid Zone, the north- 
ern Temperate, the southern Temperate, the northern Frigid, and the 
southern Frigid Zones. 

1059. "Where is each of these zones? 

Answer. The Torrid Zone lies between two circles called the trop- 
ics. * The Temperate Zones lie between the tropics and two circles, 
called the polar circles. The two Frigid Zones lie between the polar 
circles and the poles. The two circles called the tropics are paral- 
lel to the equator, and are each at the distance of twenty-three de- 
grees and a half from it. One is on the north side of the equator, 
and is called the Tropic of Cancer ; the other is on the south side, 
and is called the Tropic of Capricorn. These circles are represented 
on maps by dotted lines. The polar circles lie sixty-six and a half 
degrees from the equator, or twenty-three and a half degrees from 
the poles. One is north of the equator, and is called the Arctic Cir- 
cle ; the other is south of the equator, and is called the Antarctic 
Circle. The polar circles are represented on the map by dotted lines. 

1060. What is the latitude of each of the following par- 
ticulars ? 

- The Arctic Circle 1 The Tropic of Capricorn 1 

The Antarctic Circle! The Equator 1 ? 

The Tropic of Cancer 1 The North Pole and the South Pole ! 

1061. Between what degrees of latitude is each of the 
following ? 

The Torrid Zone 1 The North Frigid Zone 1 

The North Temperate Zone 1 The South Frigid Zone T 
The South Temperate Zone 1 

1062. In what zone do the following countries lie? 
United States 1 Spain 1 Borneo 1 
England 1 West Indies 1 Sumatra! 
France % Madagascar 1 Mexico 1 

* The tropics are imaginary circles, supposed to be drawn on the sur- 
face of the earth, to represent the northern and southern limits of the_ver- 
tical rays of the sun. They are so called from the Greek word Tropos, 
which signifies a turning, because from these points the vertical rays of the 
sun return toward the equator. The northern tropic is called the Tropic 
of Cancer, because the sun, as viewed from the earth, appears to be in 
the constellation of Cancer when the vertical rays fall on the twenty -third 
and a half degree Of north latitude. The southern tropic is called the 
Tropic of Capricorn, because the sun appears to be in the constella- 
tion of Capricorn when the vertical rays fall on the twenty-third and a 
half degree of south latitude. 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 109 

Greenland ! Guiana 1 Barbary States 1 

Italy 1 New Holland ! Lapland ! 

Turkey] Canary Islands'? Russia! 

Peru % St. Helena ! Hindostan 1 

1063. Of what use is the knowledge of the longitude of a 
place, besides assisting us to find the place 1 

Answer. A knowledge of the longitude of places enables us to tell 
the difference of time in different places. It is exactly twelve o'clock 
at a place when the sun is directly over the meridian of a place. To 
all places east, the time is later ; to all places west, the time is ear- 
lier, than twelve o'clock. Now the earth turns around on its axis 
every day, that is, once in about twenty-four hours ; and as the cir- 
cumference of the earth, like all other circles, is divided into three 
hundred and sixty degrees, it follows that it turns round at the rate of 
fifteen degrees every hour, because three hundred and sixty divided 
by twenty-four gives fifteen. Every fifteen degrees difference in lon- 
gitude, therefore, makes the difference of one hour in time, and every 
degree makes the difference of four minutes. Thus, when it is twelve 
o'clock at any place, it is one o'clock at all places fifteen degrees east 
of it, and eleven o'clock at all places fifteen degrees west of it. 

1064. In what direction are shadows cast at twelve o'clock 
at noon at the following places 1 (To answer these ques- 
tions, the pupil must look at the note to Question 1065.) 

New York ! Newfoundland ! Norway ! 

Boston 1 Brazil ! The Azores ! 

London ! California ! Peru ! 

Paris 1 United States ! Spain ! 

Madrid ! Patagonia ! Russia ! 

New Zealand! Ireland] Canada! 

Sweden ! New Holland ! Mexico ! 

St. Domingo ! Madagascar ! Cape of Good Hope ! 

Chili! Cape Horn! 

1065. In what direction are shadows thrown at the follow- 
ing places on the 21st of June, when the sun is vertical 
(or directly overhead) at the Tropic of Cancer? 

Brazil 1 Sumatra ! New Holland ! 

Peru! Borneo! New Zealand! 

Madagascar ! Celebes ! Sandwich Islands ! 

1066. In what direction will shadows be cast at the same 
places {mentioned in Question 1065) on the 23d of Sep- 
tember, when the sun is vertical at the equator ; and 
also on the 21st of December, when it is vertical at the 
Tropic of Capricorn 1 (Give a separate answer to each 
question.) 

1067. Judging by the latitude alone, which of the follow- 
ing places has the warmer climate 1 



110 GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 

New York or Boston ! The Sandwich or the Bahama Isl? 

Paris or London ! ands ] 

New York or Quebec"? New York or Madrid! 

Boston or Montreal! France or Spain! 

Baltimore or New Orleans ! Turkey or Arabia ! 

Borneo or New Holland ! Egypt or Persia ! 

[N.B. — Owing to causes which have not been fully explained, it has 
been found that places on the eastern continent are generally as warm as' 
places ten degrees farther south on the western continent.] 

LENGTH OF DAYS AND NIGHTS. 

[The length of the day and the night differs most in 
places farthest from the equator. The farther a place is 
from the equator, the longer will be the day and the short- 
er the night during one half of the year, and the longer 
the night and the shorter the day during the other half of 
the year. The longest days and shortest nights occur in 
north latitude from March to June, and in south latitude 
from September to December.] 

1068. On the 21st of June, which has the longer day 1 
New York or London! Baltimore or Madrid! 
Boston or Paris ! New Orleans or Havana! 

1069. "When it is twelve o'clock at noon at London, what 
o'clock is it at the following places 1 (See answer to 
Question 1063.) 

Paris ! Constantinople ! Sandwich Islands ! 

Boston! Canton! St. Petersburg ! 

New York! Calcutta! Madrid! 

Washington! Cape Horn! Vienna! 

New Orleans ! Lima ! Lisbon ! 

DIRECTION OF PLACES. 

[In answering the following questions, the pupils will stand or sit 
with their faces to the north, and point to the direction in which the 
place is situated.] 

1070. In what direction are the following places from the 
spot where you now are ? 

Home ! Portland ! Sandwich Islands ! 

Paris ! Harrisburg ! St. Petersburg ! 

Lisbon ! Washington ! Nankin ! 

New York! London! Borneo! 

Philadelphia! Canton! Madagascar! 

Baltimore ! New Holland ! Egypt ! 

New Orleans! Greenland! Havana! 



GEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS. 



Ill 



1071. Why do some countries appear larger on some maps 
than on others ? 

Answer. On account of the different scale on which they are 
drawn. Thus, the map of the world presents all the countries of the 
world on a single page ; while the map of Europe presents Europe 
alone on a similar page. A map which presents the fewest degrees of 
latitude and longitude on the same space is drawn on the largest scale. 



TRAVELS ON THE MAPS. 

[In the following questions, any other place in which this hook may 
be used may be substituted for New York.] 
1072. Through what waters must a vessel sail in going 

from New York to each of the following places 1 



London 1 Lisbon 1 

Liverpool 1 Calcutta 1 

Havre or Paris 1 Canton I 

Rio Janeiro 1 Pekin 1 

Japan 1 St. Petersburg 1 

New Holland * New Orleans 1 

Valparaiso 1 Lima 1 
Gold Coast of Af- Madagascar 1 ? 

rica 1 Batavia 1 

Madrid 1 Algiers 1 

Constantinople "? Copenhagen 1 

1073. "What are the names of the different countries 
contained in the whole world ? 

[See Questions 9 to 16.) 

MOUNTAINS. 

1074. What are some of the highest mountains in the 
world ? 

Answer. The highest mountains in the world, with the length of 
the whole chain to which they respectively belong, are as follows : 



Mexico 1 
Cubal 

Amsterdam 1 
Cayenne? 
Mahon 1 

Sandwich Islands 1 
Rome? 
Stockholm 1 
N.W. Coast of Amer- 
ica? 
Hamburg ? 



Name of 
Mountains. 



Himmaleh (or 
Himalaya) . . 

Andes J 

Cordilleras . . . 

Pyrenees . . . j 

Alps 

White 

Ural | 



Dofrafield 

Apennines . . . 
Apalachian . . 



Country in which 
they are situated. 



India 

South America 

(Chili & Peru) 
Mexico 



Spain ] 

Switzerland, &c. 
New Hampshire 

Russia } 



Norway 

Italy 

United States. 



Height. 



30,000 feet, or 
nearly six miles* 

25,000 feet, or near- 
ly Jive miles .... 

12,000 feet, or two 
miles 

15,000 feet 

7000 feet 

5000 feet, or about 
one mile 

About 5000 feet 

5000 feet 

5000 feet 



Length of the chain. 



| 1500 miles. 

| 7000 miles. 
The whole American chain is 



| 200 miles. 

600 miles. 
20 miles. 

| 1500 miles. 

1000 miles. 
600 miles. 
1500 miles. 



[11,500 miles. 



A mile is 5280 feet. 



THE TERRESTRIAL GLOBE. 



[1075. The terrestrial globe represents the surface of the earth in a 
more correct manner than the map of the world ; and they who are 
acquainted with that map will readily perceive that the lines repre- 
senting the different circles on the map are really circles on the globe. 
For the understanding of a few simple problems on the globe, it will 
be unnecessary, therefore, particularly to describe those things which 
have been explained in connection with the map ; such as the equator, 
the poles, the axis, the tropics, the polar circles, the meridians, the 
parallels of latitude, the zones, etc.] 

1076. The terrestrial globe differs from the map of the world in be- 
ing spherical instead of circular. The map of the world is circular, 
not spherical. (See answer to Question 1038.) The globe is set in a 
circle of brass, called the brazen meridian. This meridian is called 
brazen because it is made of brass, and it is a meridian because it 
passes in a north and south direction, directly over both poles, like all 
the meridians on the map or the globe ; and it always represents the 
meridian of every place which stands under it. 

1077. The brazen meridian, with the globe attached to it, is placed 
on a wooden frame, and rests on a screw underneath, so contrived as 
to fit into a groove in the brazen meridian, by which the globe is con- 
fined in the frame, while it can be freely turned on its axis, or with 
the meridian. 

1078. The brazen meridian, like all other circles, is divided into 360 
degrees, 90 of which are numbered from the equator toward each pole, 
and 90 from each pole to the equator. The degrees numbered from 
the equator toward the poles are used to ascertain the latitude of a 
place ; and those numbered from the poles to the equator are used for 
rectifying the globe for the latitude of a place. 

1079. The frame in which the globe stands has a broad circular top, 
called the wooden horizon, which, when the globe stands properly on 
its frame, appears to divide the globe into two equal parts, one of 
which will be above and the other below the same wooden horizon. 

1080. The wooden horizon contains three circles, on the innermost 
of which are marked the thirty-two points of the Mariner's Compass ;* 

* The four cardinal points, North, South, East, and West, are inclosed 
in a circle, which, like all other circles, is divided into 360 degrees. From 
North to East is a quarter of this circle, or 90 degrees. These ninety de- 
grees are subdivided into eight equal parts. In like manner, the distances 
from East to South, from South to West, and from West to North are di- 
vided into eight equal parts ; and thus the whole circle is divided into four 
times 8, or 32 equal parts or points. These are what are called the thirty- 
two points of the mariner's compass. The names of these points are 
marked on the wooden horizon of the globe, and may be easily read thus : 



PROBLEMS. 113 

the next has the names, characters, and figures of the twelve signs of 
the Zodiac ;* and the third is a calendar of months and days. By the 
last two, the sign and degree the sun is in during any day in the year 
may be ascertained. 

PROBLEMS ON THE TERRESTRIAL GLOBE. 

1081. Problem 1. To find the Latitude of a place. — Find the place, 
and bring it to the brazen meridian {that edge which is graduated from 
the equator to the poles), and the degree on the meridian over the place 
is the latitude. (See answer to Question 1041.) 

1082. Problem 2. , To find the Longitude of a place. — Bring the 
place to the brazen meridian, and the degree on the equator, under the 
meridian, will be the longitude. (See answer to Question 1042.) 

1083. Problem 3. The latitude and longitude being given, to find 
any place. — Look for the given longitude on the equator, and bring it 
to the brazen meridian, and the place will be found under the given 
degree of latitude on the meridian. 

1084. Problem 4. To find the difference of latitude or longitude of 
any two places. — If both places are in north latitude, or both in south, 
subtract the latitude of the one from the latitude of the other. If the 
latitude of one place is north and the other south, add the latitude of 
the one to that of the other. 

In like manner, if the longitude of both places is east, or both west, 
subtract the longitude of the one from that of the other. If one be 
east and the other west, add the longitude of one to that of the other ; 
and if the sum does not exceed 180 degrees, it will be the difference 
required. But if the sum exceeds 180 degrees, subtract it from 360, 
and the remainder will be the difference required. 

North by East, Northeast by East, etc. The initial letters only are ex- 
pressed, but the names of the points can all easily be read without further 
explanation. 

* The Zodiac is a broad belt in the heavens, sixteen degrees wide, ap- 
parently surrounding the earth, and containing twelve constellations, or 
clusters of stars, called the Signs of the Zodiac. The names of these 
constellations are Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scor- 
pio, Sagittarius, Capricornus, Aquarius, and Pisces. The sun, when view- 
ed from the earth, always appears to be in the direction of one of these 
signs. Each of these signs embraces thirty degrees, the twelve signs thus 
occupying 360 degrees, or the whole circle of the Zodiac. The sun is said 
to be in any one of these signs when by the motion of the earth it is made 
to appear in the direction of any one of them. The annual motion of the 
earth around the sun causes the sun to be in the direction of each one of 
these signs successively in the course of the year. 

There is a circle, called the Ecliptic, drawn on the globe at an angle of 
23£ degrees with the equator. This circle properly belongs in the heav- 
ens, and is designed to represent the annual path or orbit of the earth 
around the sun. The Zodiac extends eight degrees each side of the eclip- 
tic. The Signs of the Zodiac are represented on the ecliptic by the char- 
acters which designate them. These will be found on the wooden horizon, 
in connexion with their respective names. 



114 PROBLEMS. 

1085. Problem 5. To find the distance between any two places on 
the globe. Measure the distance between the two places with a pair of 
dividers (or a piece of paper), and, applying it to the brazen meridian, 
ascertain the number of degrees that are contained in the distance. 
These degrees, multiplied by 69£, will give the distance in English 
miles. 

1086. Problem 6. The hour at any place being given, to find what 
hour it is at any other place. — Bring the place where the hour is given 
to the brazen meridian, and set the index of the hour-circle to that 
hour ; then turn the globe till the proposed place comes under the 
meridian, and the index will point to the hour at that place. 

1087. Problem 7. To rectify the globe for the latitude, zenith, and 
sun's place. — For the latitude : Elevate the pole above the horizon, ac- 
cording to the latitude of the place. For the zenith : Screw the quad- 
rant of altitude* on the meridian at the given degree of latitude, count- 
ing from the equator toward the elevated pole. For the sun's place : 
Find the sun's place on the horizon, and then bring the same place 
found on the ecliptic to the meridian, and set the hour-index to twelve 
at noon. 

1088. Problem 8. To find at ivhat hour the sun rises and sets any 
day in the year, and also upon what point of the compass. — Rectify the 
globe as in the preceding problem, and turn the sun's place to the 
eastern edge of the horizon, and the index will point to the hour of 
rising ; then bring it to the western edge, and the index will show 
the hour of setting. The points of the compass will be indicated on 
the wooden horizon. 

1089. Problem 9. To find the length of the day and night. — Double 
the time of the sun's rising, and it will give the length of the night ; 
double the time of its setting, and it will give the length of the day. 

1090. Problem 10. To find the places to which an eclipse of the 
moon is visible at any instant. — Find the place to which the sun is 
vertical at that time, and bring that place to the zenith, and set the 
index to the upper twelve ; then turn the globe till the index points 
to the lower twelve, and the eclipse will be visible to every part of the 
earth that is now above the horizon. 

* The quadrant of altitude is a thin strip of brass, graduated like the 
brazen meridian, and furnished with a screw, by which it may be fastened 
to that meridian. The degrees marked on the quadrant of altitude must 
correspond in size with those on the meridian. Hence the quadrant of 
altitude belonging to one globe can not be used with another globe of dif- 
ferent size. 



THE END. 




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Syntax. 12mo, Sheep extra, 75 cents. 

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Xenophon's Memorabilia of Socrates. From the Text of Kimner. 
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Bigelow on the Useful Arts, 

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Boucharlat's Mechanics. 

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Boyd 



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Elements of Rhetoric and Literary Criticism, with copioiie 
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History of the English Language, and of British and American 
Literature, from the earliest to the present Times. On the 
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BOOKS FOR SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. 5 

Brande's Encyclopedia, 

A Dictionary of Science, Literature, and Art; comprising the 
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all the Terms in general use. Illustrated by numerous En- 
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Burke on the Sublime and Beautiful. 

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into the Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime and the Beautiful. 
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Abraham Mills. 12mo, Muslin, 15 cents. 

Buttmann's Greek Grammar. 

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Campbell's Philosophy of Rhetoric. 

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Cicero's Orator. 

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Clark's Elements of Algebra. 

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Comte's Philosophy of Mathematics. 

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Crabb's Synonyms. 

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Dickens's Child's History of England, 

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Docharty's Arithmetic. 

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Docharty's Institutes of Algebra. 

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Draper's Text-book on Chemistry, 

for the use of Schools and Colleges. Carefully revised, with 
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Draper's Test-book on Natural Philosophy, 

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Draper's Chemical Organization of Plants. 

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Duff's Book-keeping. 

The North American Accountant : embracing Single and Double 
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Findlay's Classical Atlas, 

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Ancients. With an Index of the Ancient and Modern Names. 
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Fowler's English Language, 

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Goldsmith's History of Greece. 

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Goldsmith's History of Rome. 

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Gray's and Adams's Elements of Geology. 

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Gray's Elements of Natural Philosophy. 

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